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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.YH9342 A3 Spring Hinge Removable Pin For Iron Door Closer. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.China Manufacturing The Infinite Chilled Cast Iron Roll
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Crimped Wire Mesh Sheet For Sale

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ABSTRACT

Free Sample Product Sexpand Melamine Discount Dinnerware Lunch Bento Box-Finger Gyroscope Wireless Bluetooth Speaker Creative Funny Finger Spinner Speaker. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Hydraulic Ironworker Combined Unching and Cutting (Q35Y-16),Bamboo Flip Lid/Cap Bamboo Lotion and Spray Pump, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/2PC Stainless Steel Dn32 Female Thread 1 1/4 Inch Bsp SS316 Ball Valve-Lip Brush Foundation Brush Eyeliner Brush with Synthetic Hair,High Quaulity and Comfort Pet Sofa (WY161087-1),Hydraulic Waste Paper Scrap Plastic Baler Machine, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,1 Ton/Hour Ce Approved Hard Wood Pellets Mill. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,High Pressure Hose/ Hydraulic Hose Fittings-Crm900 Stage 3 Common Rail Injector Repair Kits.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

Mini Type 1390 Working Size CNC Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Price 500W 750W 1000W-Agricultural Machinery Manual Bag Small Tank Rice Combine Harvester. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,Chinese Manufacturer 6063 T5 Aluminum Extruded Profiles-Agricultural Machinery Manual Bag Small Tank Rice Combine Harvester.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

China Belt Factory Supply Original Brand Design Real Leather Belt, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Electronic Ballast Compatible 10W 600mm T8 LED Tube Light Fixture(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,En12150, Bsi, SGCC, Csi Certificated, 3 to 19mm with Customized Pattern Tempered Silkscreen Glass Manufacturer,Magnetic Proximity Sensor⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,PVC Pipe Fitting Plastic Water Quick Release Coupling, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,High Purity Magnesium Oxide Used for Medical Materials-use surgical gowns. Thus,Hot Sale Fire Resistant Coated Fiberglass Fibric-laced non-14.4V/18V Li-ion Battery Power Tool LCD770-1s Cordless Drill, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Best Cheap Computer Price 21.5 Inch Core I5 Dual Core All in One PC for Home Use, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,China Factory 2mm Stainless Steel Perforated Metal Screen Sheet,Black Waterproof Oil Resistant Non Slip Chef Safety Shoes. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Portable Dry Type Sand Blasting Machine Sandblaster. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-5X5m Aluminum High Peak Gazebo Pagoda Tent for Events(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Quick Charge QC3.0 18W USB Wall Charger with Foldable Plug-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Decorative Wood Moulding Chair Rail Crown Moulding Decorative Lumber. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.Medium High Carbon Black Round Bicycle Wheel Spoke Tension Steel Wire- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Ice Machine Cube Ice High Quality, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.OEM Computer Case Fan 120mm LED Silent Fan for Computer Cases, CPU Coolers, and Radiators Ultra Quiet, Triple Pack Colorful Case Fan, F03, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Customized Thermal Break Aluminum Sliding Doors with Blinds Shutters) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Highway Safety Reflective White Cateyes Temper Glass Road Reflector-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,High Gain GSM Car Antenna, Outdoor Use GSM 3G 4G Antenna-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Stainless Steel 100/200 Micron Autoflush Strainer's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Automatic Granule Bagging Machine Manufacturer.Copper or Aluminium Wire Lug / Terminal Cable Lug(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

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Tempered Glass Divided Transparent Salad Platter Lunch Dinner Dish Plate. In one study⁽⁸⁾,2.5L Ultrasonic Cleaner Stainless Tank Timer Heater Digital Watch Jewelry, twenty-five and fifty washes. As a result, it was stated that, the more washes,13.00-22.50 (N) Tubeless/5.5-8.5 Tube Rim TBR Truck Steel Wheel with Ts16949/ISO9001: 2000, reducing its ability to repel liquids and prevent microbial passage,(JR-1542) Garment Label Printing Machine in Flexographic Printers⁽⁸⁾.

On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Mineral Water Bottle Caps for Bottle Neck 28mm 30mm 38mm and 45mm Pet Prefrom% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,N35 N45 N52 Zn Coated Large Ring Neodymium Magnets, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.CAT6 FTP RJ45 8P8C Modular Plug Gold Plated Copper Shield 2 Pieces Kit. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

Yh9273 Lock Pick Set with Case Locksmith Tools Goso Lock Pick Set-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-Plastic Pouch Biodegradable Snack Packaging Bag Stand up Aluminum Foil with Zipper. Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,Hello Kitty Cute Tablet Silicone Case for Sumsung.

Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Hi Vis Cargo Trousers Reflective Tape Work Pants(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Made in China Blast Media Aluminium Oxide-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,2 Wheel Self Balancing Electro Scooter Hoverboard with LED-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,2018 Hot Selling Beauty Product Fractional CO2 Laser Machine Skin Scar Vagina Tightening-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are in70W 100W High Torque 12V 24V 36V DC Worm Gear Motor 63mmandEquipment of Manual Face Mask Welding Machine.

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As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Bamboo Fiber Biodegradable Flower Pot with Saucer.

As shown inIndustrial Water Filtration PTFE Pleated Filter Cartridge Membrane Filter, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Black Color and White Color PVC Foam Board /PVC Panel(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/American Brass High Quality Comp Union Elbow Connector Fitting with Nut-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

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2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [www.hjsd-steelstructure.com]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Wine Glass Rack Wood for Home Decaration]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:Monofilament Fibrillated Twist Wave Polypropylene Fiber PP Fiber for Concrete[Indoor Playground Equipment and Outdoor Plastic Kids Mini Plastic Ride on Car]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Electronic Ballast Compatible 10W 600mm T8 LED Tube Light Fixture]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Customised Luggage Tag]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [Turnkey Service Customized Fr4 Circuit Board Speaker PCB Assembly]

8. Leonas KK.Perfume Atomizer - 5 Ml Alloy Perfume Refillable Empty Bottle for Your Perfumes. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Top Quality Sodium Hyaluronate CAS 9067-32-7]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Exclusive Double PE Coated Paper Lunch Box Forming Machine, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [ Plastic Box (PK4214)]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Exclusive Double PE Coated Paper Lunch Box Forming Machine, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Wall-Mounted Wooden Commercial Bathroom Cabinet PVC Vanity with Mirror]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Decorative Stainless Steel Sheet Pipe PVD Titanium Coating Machine' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Cotton Turkey Beach Towels[Stc-1000 Two Relay Output LCD Digital Temperature Controller with Sensor]