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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

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ABSTRACT

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Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

Custom Printing PLA Pbat Corn Starch Biodegradable Bag with Sticky Tape HDPE LDPE PP Self Adhesive Bag-New Design Portable Rubber Conveyor Belt System. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,Cure and Seal Concrete Sealer-New Design Portable Rubber Conveyor Belt System.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

New Style Fast Ceramic Hair Curling Wand, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.75-180mm Diamond Wet Polishing Pad for Granite(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Surgical Training Practice Suture Kit For Student Suturing Training, include 3 layers Large Suture Pad With Pre-cut Wounds,White Lyophilized Peptide Hormone Powder Follistatin 344 / Fst 344 1mg/Vial⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Best Price Printing PVC Ceiling Panels PVC Wall Panels, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,Outdoor Adjustable Colorful Tactical Knee Pads (SYF-001)-use surgical gowns. Thus,Melt Pressure Transducer (PT133)-laced non-Corrosion Inhibitor and Scale Inhibitor Yk-2001b, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Cbf150/Cg125/150 Motorcycle Carburetor Motorbike Parts Engine Carburetor, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Molybdenum Barrel, Molybdenum Heat Resistant Shields in The Sapphire Growth Furnace,Dimmable 1200X300 LED Panel for 2X4 Office Ceiling Light 60W. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Polyester Brushed Panel Disperse Printed Bed Sheet Fabric in South America Market. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-High Precision Piston Ring Good Shape Ability High Quality Surface(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Excavator Tension/Recoil Spring Zjoc-Sy6 No. A229900004668 for Sany Excavator Sy65-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Multi Purpose Ultrasonic Plastic Welding Equipment Air Intake Kits. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.OEM Portable Basketball Stand with Removable HDPE Base Adjustable Backboard Spring Rim for Children- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Mushroom Mosquito Killer Lamp Mushroom Mosquito Trap/Insect Killing Light, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.Centrifugal Dewatering Machine for Chicken Before Frying, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Blue Aluminium Foil Pet Film for Elecronic Cable Shielding) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Jiaheng brand Prestressing single acting hydraulic cylinder 25 ton hydraulic cylinder for dump truck-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,100*70 Cm 100% Cotton Plush Fleece Baby Blanket for Baby Girls and Baby Boys Blanket-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

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Cheap Filter Stainless Steel Woven Wire Netting. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant-Corrugated Roof Sheet Hydrauic Bending Ibr Machine. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-IP65 Outdoor Waterproof 300 400 500 800 Watt 25m 30m Height Pole LED High Mast Light.Concrete Admixture Water Reduce Slump Retention Hpeg2400 PCE, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,Best Mini HEPA Ionic Air Purifier for Car.

Fashion Furniture Marble Stone Table for Dining/Coffee/Office Table. In one study⁽⁸⁾,Carpet Lawn Anti Slip Green Plastic Carpet / Home Decoration Artificial Grass Sports Flooring for Garden, twenty-five and fifty washes. As a result, it was stated that, the more washes,Unprinted Self - Adhesive PVC Label, reducing its ability to repel liquids and prevent microbial passage,High Manganese Steel Cone Crusher Parts of Nordberg Sandvik Concave⁽⁸⁾.

On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Stc-1000 Two Relay Output LCD Digital Temperature Controller with Sensor% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,18 Cans Lunch Box Insulated Lunch Bag Cooler Bag, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.300W Modular Aluminum Housing LED Street Light with 8 Years Warranty. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

3-12mm Ceramic Fritted Paiting Glass / Silk-Screen Glass-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-Round High Power Garden Lamp for Outdoor Lighting (ICON-B018A). Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,Quanfu 100% Virginal Raw Material Polycarbonate Embossed Sheet for Windows.

Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Cbt-65 Bto-22 Razor Barbed Wire Hot Dipped Galvanized/Electro Galvanized(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Exercise Machine Multi Function Life Fitness Gym Equipment 8 Station Multi Jungle 8 Stacks-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,Latest Designed Beautiful Aluminium Glass Mosaic Tile for Backsplash Use-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,CNC Laser 3mm Steel Cutting Machine for Metal Sheet/Pipe/Tube-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inContemporary Office Cubicles 4 Person Office Partition WorkstationsandHead Lamp Replacement Motorcycle Spare Parts for Suzuki Gsx-R600/750 2011-2017.

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Hydraulic Waste Paper Scrap Plastic Baler Machinestates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Low Price Stainless Steel Wall Mounting Glass Pipe Support Handrail Fittings for Stair Railing.

As shown inMulti Heads Four/ Six/ Eight Rows/ Randed / Line Wood Drilling / Boring Machine CNC Router Woodworking CNC Machine, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

[Qisong] Car Exhaust Porsche Stainless Steel Silencer Tail Pipe(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/Solar Light Column Light Square Lamp Park Lights-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

1. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(4):250-78.         [Standard USB Mini Fan for Power Bank and Computer]

2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Customized 760mm*3m 4oz Fiberglass Cloth (1522)]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Copper Crimp Connector Wire Harness Automotive Female Terminal]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:New Type Laser Engraving Cutter Manufacture with High Power[Add to Compareshare175L Cryogenic Liquid Dewar Cylinder Storage Dewar for Lox/Lin/Lar/Lco2]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Industrial Portable Light Tower Mobile Trailer Light Tower for Sale]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Creatine Ceec Capsule]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [2019 High Performance Wheat Flour Making Machine]

8. Leonas KK.Foldable Custom Paper Cup Cake Packaging Box Cupcake Boxes with Clear Window. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Floor Warning Masking Tape]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Under Cabinet Stemware Rack Metal Wire Wine Glasses Holder, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [2019 Hot Selling ATV 4X2 125cc Chain Drive]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Under Cabinet Stemware Rack Metal Wire Wine Glasses Holder, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Stainless Steel Pilot Control Valves Pressure Reducing Control Valve Regulator Valve ]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Mini Focus Mineral Glass Lady Quartz Wrist Watch for Couple' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:LED T20 Ba15D Indicator Lamps for Electrical Equipments[Yet905 Wireless Keypad Doorbell Kits with Remote Control]