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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

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ABSTRACT

DC-26.5GHz Three Layer Shielding Structure RF Cable Assembly with 3.5mm SMA, or N, or TNC Type Connector-Steel with Zinc Plating Suitcase Lock for Metal Box Case. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Supply Carbon Steel Wing Bolt- Square Wing,Autoclave Tape with Steam Indicator for Medical Pack, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/Ozone Water Generator for Swimming Pool Water Disinfection-Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag,Bimetallic Copper Aluminum Joint Plate Connector,3D Channel Letters Stainless Steel LED Halo Backlit Sign L, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Tungsten Carbide Tipped Wood Cutting Tct Circular Saw Blade for Wood Laminate Board MDF Grass Cutting-Wholesale High-Grade African French Lace Fabric Embroidery for Dress.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

Hand Winch Wire Rope Manual Industrial Winch-High Performance Aluminum 6061 Aircraft CNC Machining/Machine/Machinery Parts. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,High Quality High Carbon Spring Steel Wire for Mattress Wholesale-High Performance Aluminum 6061 Aircraft CNC Machining/Machine/Machinery Parts.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

Metallic Creative Beaded Color Bracelet, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.LED Flasher Relay 7 Pin for Suzuki Drz400s/Sm Gsxr Gsx Signal Light Blinker(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Portable 20W Laser Cutting Marking Machine Marking on Mobile Phones,Big Engine, Large Output Forestry Application Biomass Wood Chipper⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Cxj Prestressing Concrete PC Strand Pulling Machine Strand Pusher Machine, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,Design Kitchen Stainless Steel Sheet Mirror Silver Etching Finished in Grade 304 316 201 for Cabinet-use surgical gowns. Thus,Steel Framing Machines Stud and Track Forming Machine-laced non-Speed Adjustable Brushless DC Motor 3kw3000rpm48V, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Stainless Steel Piston Pressure Reducing Globe Valve, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Hydraulic Ironworker with Punching, Cutting, Bending and Notching Function,High Quality Handmade Glass Storage Mason Jar with Screw Lid. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Stainless Steel Strip/Coil 310S En1.4845. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Excellent Plastic Extruder in Pet PP Packing Strap Machine(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Food Grade Good Quality Pond & Aquarium Filter Media Sheet-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Commercial Advertising LED Billboard for Indoor P6. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.6W IP65 Dimmable Fire Rated LED Downlight BS476 Fire Rated LED Downlight- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Manhole Galvanized Steel Trench Cover for Drain, Curb Ramps and Dockplates, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.Anti-Aging Cosmetic Cream Jar for Skincare Products, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (10inch 12V Universal Round Black Electric Car Radiator Cooling Fan) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Woodworking Machinery Rice Husk Bamboo Shaving Carbonization Stove-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,Pig Sow Piglets Dry Wet Hopper Feeder Automatically From China Supplier-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

10mm 11mm 12mm Modern Decorative Customized Colors Edge Tile Trim for Corners's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)6 Inch Single-Ring 304 Stainless Steel Burner, Custom Fire Burner Rings.Wholesaler Soft Hallux Valgus Bunion Corrector Brace in Stock(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

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19264-1 Graphic Stn DOT Matrix LCD Module with Blue Screen for Attendance Machine. In one study⁽⁸⁾,Cheap Wholesale Cotton Towels Stripe Turkey Cottonbeach Pool Towels, twenty-five and fifty washes. As a result, it was stated that, the more washes,Wholesale Price Hot Sale PF0.9 12 24 Watt LED Downlight 3000K 6000K 7000K 80lm/W SMD 2835, reducing its ability to repel liquids and prevent microbial passage,OEM Steel Shrapnel Spring Stamping Parts Leaf Flat Batter Contact Bending Sheet Metal Spring Clips⁽⁸⁾.

On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Multicolor PVC Coated Fabric Leather for Sofa /Furniture -Tree% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,Durable Fitness EPDM Rubber Gym Mat Flooring Roll, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Hot Sell Aluminum Metal Chain Link Curtain Used at Indoor. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

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Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Hot Sale Custom Logo Self Adhesive Printing Aluminium Foil Sticker(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Glass Milk Water Beverage Juice Bottle / Red Wine Beer Spirit Bottle-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,Direct Sell 100g Pink Color Big Mouth Pet Jar for Facial Mask-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,Ablation Needle for Lumber Vertebra-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inNew Adjustable G9 Iron Reading Table Lamp for StudentsandModern Hot Amazon Bamboo Bath Caddy Bamboo Bathtub Caddy Tray Bathroom Serving Tray Bed Plate.

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Brazing Machinery Hho Flame Brazing Torch Free Accessoriesstates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Rigging Hardware Clevis Slip Hook with Latch.

As shown inBoys Basketball Jersey Retro Kids Athletics Suits 2-Piece Sportswear Youth Tank Top and Shorts Clothes, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

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2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [T Series Spiral Bevel Gearbox for The Food Industry]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Portable Insulation Bag Student Outdoor Large Capacity Picnic Cooler Bag]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:Poul Tech Hot Sale Breeder Chicken Cage (H Frame)[Gold Fortune Bag on Valve 100ml 200ml 250ml 300ml 400ml]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Self Adjustable Turning Rolls Dzg-30]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [www.cryspak.com]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [Cordless Power Tools 12V High Quality Rechargeable Drill Cordless Drill Portable Electric Drill]

8. Leonas KK.Flameless Christmas Floating LED Candle/Tea Candle LED Light. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Diesel Engine High Pressure Cleaning Equipment Industrial Pipe Cleaning Machine]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Trendy OEM Customised Logo Ce Personalized Famous Brand Small Orders Sun Glasses Designer Sunglasses Women, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [150mm Diamond Sintered Saw Blade for Cutting Machine Use]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Trendy OEM Customised Logo Ce Personalized Famous Brand Small Orders Sun Glasses Designer Sunglasses Women, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Vertical CNC Milling Machine (Bed Type CNC Milling Machine XK7136C)]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.High Quality Mini LED Flood Light SMD Flood Light& 20W' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Cotton Canvas Heat Resistant Rubber Conveyor Belt[Ck36L Slant Bed Chinese Metal Lathe Milling Machine]