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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.Tfn Nikotin Nikotina Nikotiini Nicotina for E-Cig. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Best Hot 120 Gas Pump Nozzle Fuel Injector Nozzle
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Optical Fiber Sensor

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ABSTRACT

Hot Selling Office School Supplier Custom Logo Notebook Leather Cover Diary A5 Notebook-Hebei Factory Professional Suspended Ceiling Framing T-Grid. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Fashion Women Leather Designer Handbags Waterproof Lady Tote Bags Set,Multi-Function Home Portable Solar Energy System Kit Solar Power Generator, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/High Precision Custom Made Metal Part Machining-S275JR Steel Plate,Acetylene Plant Manufactures C2h2 Acetylene Gas Cylinder,Main Product Qy00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Livingroom, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Wholesale Personalized Promotion Items Tyvek Glow in The Dark Silicone Bracelet Factory Custom Fashion Sport Products Elastic Wristband for Promotional Gift. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Fs4395 Double Die-Cast Quarter Turn Cam Latch for Mini Mail Box Toolbox with Cam Lock-Private Hifu Woman Vaginal Treatment Salon Machine.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

Pet Dog Bath Massage Brush, Pet Dog Cat Rubber Bath Brush Hair Fur Grooming Massage-Fingerless Type Single Facer Corrugator, Vaccuum Suction Type. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,Mold Temperature Controller for Injection Molding Machine Sheet Metal Fabrication-Fingerless Type Single Facer Corrugator, Vaccuum Suction Type.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

Small Batch Production Precision Aircraft CNC Machining/Machined/Machinery Parts, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.1.3207 High Speed Alloy Tool Hardened Steel Stock(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Print Rigid Custom Paper Drawer Box Gift Packaging,Ballscrew Fixed Support Unit Fk12 with High Quality for The Module⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,2MP 2g/3G/4G Smart Home CCTV Security Mini 1080P WiFi Surveillance IP Baby Trigger Monitor Body Camera, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,Casting Aluminum Outdoor Solar LED Wall Lamp for Garden-use surgical gowns. Thus,Polycarbonate Hollow Sheet UV Protected with 10 Years Warranty-laced non-High Pressure Bus and Truck Wash Machine, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

10.5mm Diamond Wire Saw for Cutting Reinforce Concrete, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,China Supplier High Performance Auto Suspension Coil Springs No Minimum,User-Friendly Medical Blister Aluminum Recycling Machine. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Pad Printing Ink Scraping Ceramic Ring. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Deep Drawing Press Machine Four Column Hydraulic Pressure Machine(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:240*375*25mm Rectangle Galvanized Steel Access Panel for Air Duct Maintenance Cleaning-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

17ami+PTC Manual Reset Thermal Protector. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.Trampoline Arena for Sales, Kids Indoor Trampoline Park- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,CNC Machined Small Batch Plastic Machining Parts, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.Patio Garden Furniture Fabric Outdoor Furniture Corner Lounge Sofa Set, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (50W/80W/120W/150W Outdoor IP67 Security LED Lamp Solar Flood Light) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Stainless Steel Aluminum Custom Precision Sheet Metal Laser Cutting-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,Steel Pipes Suppliers-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Hot New Product Hotel Scent Air Machine with Fragrance's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Stainless Steel Security Window Door Shutter Anti-Theft Mosquito Magnet Insect Mesh.Customized Workshop for Industry with H Columns and Beams Steel Structure(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

Aluminum Window Screen/Aluminum Mosquito Net. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,PC Blow Mould-Capacity 20000cbm One Year MDF Production Line MDF Forming Machine/ MDF Woodwork Machine Continuous Press Line/ MDF Woodwork Machine. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-Portable Extruder Welding Machine Sudj3400-a for Rods.Luxury Cosmetic Top Brand Packaging Paper Box Gift Box, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,750W 8X16 Precision Mini Metal Lathe 3 Jaw 50-2500rpm.

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On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Hydraulic Foam Concrete Block Making Machine% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,OEM Manufacturer Neo Cube Magnet 5*5*5 216 PCS Block Magnets, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Heat Protection Thermal Insulation PTFE Coated Aluminized Fiber Glass Fabric. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

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Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)15mm Polycarbonate Solid Sheet for Sound Barrier(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Modern Fabric Shade Floor Lamp and Wooden Tripod Fancy Stand Lamp-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,0.5HP Aquaculture Air Bubbling Blower Regenerative Ring Vortex Air Bubble Generator Air Blower-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,Moving Machinery Engineering Equipments Backhoe Loader-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are in2 Layers 3000L Plastic Blow Molding Machine/Blowing Moulding MachieryandPlow Part Ploughshare Stamping Part for Agricultural Machinery.

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Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screwstates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Precision Digital Prototype for Function Testing From Lead Well.

As shown inASTM 304 Welded Stainless Steel Coil Tubing From China Stainless Steel Pipe Supplier, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

New Design Garden Stone Resin Artificial Rockery Water Fountain(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/Factory Wholesale Quality Steel Tube 60*60*3mm Power Training Squat Rack Pull up Bar-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

1. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(4):250-78.         [Halogen Medical Light/Lamp with Ce/ISO Approved (XYX-F500/500 ECOA048)]

2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Ball Bearing Washing Machine Motor for Home/Hotel Use]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [SAE 100 R1DIN En 853 1sn Hydraulic Rubber Hose]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:S275JR Steel Plate[OEM Steel Shrapnel Spring Stamping Parts Leaf Flat Batter Contact Bending Sheet Metal Spring Clips]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [3*50m Black Construction Scaffold Netting]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [The SUS409 Stainless Steel Welding Tube for The Exhaust Pipe]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [4 Column up Double Cylinder 250 Ton Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press]

8. Leonas KK.Seal Trip Parts Rubber Flexible Extrusion Colorful Seal Ring Strip. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [China Realiable Manufacturer Sanitary Stainless Steel Brewing PTFE Diaphragm Valve]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Mini Cable Hoists Electrical Cable Hoist, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [3.5mm SMD Stereo Jack Lk18]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Mini Cable Hoists Electrical Cable Hoist, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Two-Line High Speed HDPE Poly Plastic T-Shirt Vest Bag Shopping Disposable Bag Making Machine Biodegradable Carry Handle Supermarket Vegetable Fruit Grocery Bag]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Strong and Comfortable Flexible Wave Back Chair for Banquet (HM-S8)' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Trade Assurance High Quality 18mm Chipboard/Flakeboard/Particle Board[Chinese Factory Best Quality Aluminum Alloy Profiles LED Strip Light for Decoration]