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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

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ABSTRACT

Gold Designs Long Tassel Drop Earrings Swarovski Elements-FTTH Epon ONU with 4 RJ45 Ports and Built-in WiFi. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,3PC Combination Pliers Set (Hand tools) (21120),PVC Film Laminated Galvanized Steel Decorated Elevator Metal Sheet, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/Cheapest Multifunctional Hot Dipped Zinc Coated Galvanized Steel Wire-Two-Line High Speed HDPE Poly Plastic T-Shirt Vest Bag Shopping Disposable Bag Making Machine Biodegradable Carry Handle Supermarket Vegetable Fruit Grocery Bag,Rechargeable Lightweight Running LED Headlamp Torch (SYSG-190219),Breathing Exchange Filter Bacterial Virus Filter Breathing Filter Direct Manufacturer, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Marine Mooring Hardware, Anchor Chain. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Festival Gift Voice Vibration Activated Sound Control LED Flalsh Bracelet Wristband-Evaporator Finned Tube.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

20W Fiber Laser Marker Machinery for Stainless Steel Pipe Spray Code Pipe Fittings Marking-Factory Price Colorful Low Cost Booklet Printing. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,Gift Stainless Steel Kids Dinnerware Bowl and Children Kitchenware Set-Factory Price Colorful Low Cost Booklet Printing.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

Detergent Powder Packing Machine for Packaging Flour Machinery, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Precision Metal Hardware Steel Plastic CNC Machining Parts(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Yunnan Sanjing Js Polymer Waterproofing Coating for Bathroom,2019 New Design Flower Prepainted Color Steel Coil PPGI PPGL⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,2 in 1 PVC Cable CCTV Rg59+Power, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,Summer Activewear Sports Outdoor OEM Custom Gym Men Workout Running Shorts Quick Dry Men′s Mesh Shorts-use surgical gowns. Thus,Hydration Pack Backpack with 70 Oz 2L Water Bladder Rucksack for Running Hiking Cycling Climbing Camping Racing-laced non-2019 Taizhou Plastic Injection Drinking Cup Mould, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Customized Service for CNC Turning Machining Steel Parts, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,3D Face Mask Production Line with Automatic Bag Packaging Machine,500mm Width BOPP Jumbo Roll Coating Tape Converting Printing Machine. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Empty Luxury Cosmetic Bottle Packaging, Airless Lotion Bottle, Airless Serum Bottle. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Hot Sales Camping Hammock with Bug Net(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:High Speed Agent Price Small Sublimation Textile Printer for Sublimation-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Active Lime Rotary Kiln Fired by Natural Gas. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.High Quality OEM Custom Design Rubber Material Auto Car Spare Parts- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,201 /304 / 316 / 316L Capillary Welded Stainless Steel Pipe/Tube, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.Small Compact 40X40X10mm Axial Fan DC 5V for Computer Cooling, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Circular Vibrating Sieve Filter Machine for Paper Pulp) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾UHP HP RP Graphite Electrodes with Low Price for Electric Arc Furnace & Lf-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,Shoebox Canopy Lamp 60W LED Light Evergy Saving 2835 Chips Corn Bulb-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Hot Rolled Mild Steel Q235B C U Beam Steel Channel's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)120mm X 60mm AC Tangential Fan.Industrial Equipment Parts Cardan Shaft with Closed Eye Bearing Design(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

Modern Smart Bathroom Mirror, Bluetooth, Illuminated LED, Fog Free, 5mm Silver Mirror. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,Us Type Hot Dipped Galvanized Turnbuckle with Hook and Hook-Winter Fleece Lining Dog Shoes. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-Premium Sanxin Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe ASTM A312 Grade 317.Sealing Grease 7607 For Pneumatic Brake System, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,Solar Mc4 PV Connector with TUV Approval TUV Certificate Mc4 Connector.

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On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).Digital Non-Contact Thermometer, Infrared Thermometer, Small Size Be270% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,Fudan Compatible Card 1k RFID Card 13.56MHz, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Bakery Machine/Bakery Heavy Duty Bread Dough Divider Cutter. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

CL2T-SS805L Comlom Removable Light Weight Aluminum Folding Snow Spade Shovel-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-Three Side Sponge Protective 7-11inch Universal Tablet PC Car Air Vent Holder. Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,Customized Metal CNC Machining Parts.

Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Newest Design Comfort Injection Fashion Leisure Sports Shoes(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Eran B32 2019 Newest Portable Bluetooth Speaker for Outdoor&Indoor-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,Aluminum Alloy 6061 Extrusion Turning OPC Tube-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,8 Inch Plug-in Monitor Modular Patient Monitor-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inYunnan Sanjing Js Polymer Waterproofing Coating for BathroomandGYTS Dual Core Fiber Optic Cable Aerial and Duct Installation 24 Core.

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Lowest Price Aluminum Sulphate for Water Treatment Chemical / Paper Making / CAS 10043-01-3states that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,High Pull Force Pot Neodymium Magnet for Hardware Tool.

As shown inHot Sales Camping Hammock with Bug Net, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Professional Food Processing Machineries Pasta Dryer(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/Commercial Scent Aroma Diffuser with Essential Oil Diffuser for Small Area-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

1. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(4):250-78.         [Carnival Inflatable Target Toss Football Dart Board Game B6088]

2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [30kVA Single Phase Automatic Voltage Regulator Stabilizer 220V]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Hot Rolled Mild Steel Q235B C U Beam Steel Channel]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:Wholesale Empty Red Black Ice Wine 1000ml 750ml 500ml Glass Wine Bottle[0.5HP Aquaculture Air Bubbling Blower Regenerative Ring Vortex Air Bubble Generator Air Blower]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [1.27mm Pitch Pin Header SMT Type Q Series Single Row Without Post]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Hot-Selling Soft Airport Suitcase Nylon Black Double Bags Trolley Luggage]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [High Quality Factory-Made 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer]

8. Leonas KK.Laundry Industrial Sheep Wool Washing Machine Cloth Jean Garment Linen Jeans Washer Cleaning Machine. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Auto Spare Parts Steel Wheels Truck Wheels for Sale]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Beautiful Decorative modern Carved Acoustic Wall Panel, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Plastic PVC Coin Garage Anti-Slip Floor Mat]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Beautiful Decorative modern Carved Acoustic Wall Panel, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [10kg 25kg Industrial Multiwall Kraft Paper Valve Sack]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Multi-Lane Automatic 3 in 1 Coffee Packing Packaging Machine' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Whole Set Feed Making Equipment for Poultry Feed[Factory Directly Sale Chilli Belt Drying Machine Tunnel Equipment]