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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.97kw SDP350G Diesel driven Portable Screw Air Compressor. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.RS485 LED Digital Current Meter
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Custom Female Threaded Tee T Shape Pipe Fittings

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ABSTRACT

Mechanical Tools Cr-V Car Repairing Tool Set 43 PCS-Boys Basketball Jersey Retro Kids Athletics Suits 2-Piece Sportswear Youth Tank Top and Shorts Clothing. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Bwg32 900/800 Gi Steel Roof Sheet/Corrugated Galvanized Iron Sheet Roofing,Stable Automatic PCB Cutter Machine Manufacturers, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/High Frequency Industry Online Modular UPS with N X Parallel-Full Automatic Tube Fillers Toothpaste Tube Filling and Sealing Machine,Stainless Steel Double Door Antidrilling Fireproof Mechanical Lock Vault Door/Safe,Matte Black Cover Front Bumper Guard for Mitsubishi L200 Triton 2015 2016 2017, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Glass Lined Pipe for Enamel Reactor Chemical Equipment with Good Price. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,Antique Stainless Steel Arc Backrest Party Banquet Garden Dining Chair-Mini Faux Leather Handbag Bow PU Cross Body Shoulder Bag.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

30mm Extractor Cooling Fan 30X30X10 12V IP68 Cooling Tower Fan-Zta280 Zirconia Toughened Alumina Balls with Density 2.8g/cm3. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,High Speed Automatic Wet Wipes Making Machine (BWL-40)-Zta280 Zirconia Toughened Alumina Balls with Density 2.8g/cm3.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

800kg Passenger Home Panoramic Elevator with Customized Small Size Cabin, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Hanging Board for Oblique Exterior Wall(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Chocolate Holding Tank with CE,Custom CNC Counter Bores Carbon Fiber Sheet 3K Twill/Plain Matte Glossy Finish⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,LiFePO4 Prismatic Pouch Cell 3.2V 10/20/30/40/50/100ah Flat LiFePO Lithium Battery for Electric Car, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,16mm Melamine Slotted MDF for Slatwall-use surgical gowns. Thus,F13 Smart Watch with Heart Rate Monitor IP68 Waterproof Multi Language Tracker-laced non-Membrane Keyboard Switch with Clear Window, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Air Fliter Cleaner, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,10kg 25kg Industrial Multiwall Kraft Paper Valve Sack,Water Reducer and Retarder Naphthalene Superplasticizer for Plastic Auxiliary Agent. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,500t/24h Maize Milling Plant. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Steel Pipe/Tube Expander From Small Diameter to Large Diameter(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Plastic Bale Wrap Suppliers Silage Stretch Wrap Film for Sale-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Real Leather Wholesale Men′s Purse Wallet. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.5ml/Vial Chemical Peptide Powder Ghrp-6 for Weight Loss Lab Supply- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Honeycomb Curtain Day and Night Curtain Soundproof Curtain Living Room Balcony Bedroom Full Shade Insulation Curtain, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.Adjustable Support Ankle Brace Wrap Compression Support Sleeve, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Mic Sbs Sofa Spray Adhesive Safety Healthy Mattress Chair Specialized Spray Adhesive Glue) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Bamboo Spoon with Silicone Handle-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,150mm Diamond Sintered Saw Blade for Cutting Machine Use-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Garden Weaving Wicker Table and Chair Outdoor Furniture Fireplace Full Rattan Fire Pit's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H1 White Flexible Hospital LCD Arm.Rebar Splicing of Reinforcement Bars Complying with Aci-318(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

Yellow and White Reflective Plastic Road Stud Reflector. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,Commercial Universal Golden Double Bowl Industrial Stainless Steel Sinks-Sprocket Roller for Sany Excavator Sy15-Sy850h-8. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-Wholesale Commercial Stainless Steel Peanut Frying Machine.7.938mm 316 Stainless Steel Balls for Sale, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,10tons 10t 10mt Propane Tank 20cubic Meters 20000liters Mobile/Portable Cylinder Filling LPG Skid Gas Station with Submersible Pump Dispenser.

Easy Installation 4FT Plastic Folding Picnic Table (M-X1804). In one study⁽⁸⁾,Modern Hot Amazon Bamboo Bath Caddy Bamboo Bathtub Caddy Tray Bathroom Serving Tray Bed Plate, twenty-five and fifty washes. As a result, it was stated that, the more washes,New Condition AC Motor Linear Dewatering Vibrating Sieve Equipment, reducing its ability to repel liquids and prevent microbial passage,PV Panel Grouding Solar Energy Mounting Solution for Mounting System⁽⁸⁾.

On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).TV Backlight Strip with Lens 32 Inch 6+6 TV Backlight for LG32 Inch LED TV Backlight Strips LG32 Small Lens 6LEDs% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,Adjustable Coilover Suspension Kits Shock Absorber , constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Potassium Hydroxide (CAS: 1310-58-3) 90% 45% 60%. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

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Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Holographic Rear Projection Film/Transparent Film-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,K500A 64 Bar/ 928psi High Pressure Hydraulic Hot Tapping Machine-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,Employee ID Card Access Control RFID Card 125kHz Tk4100 Smart Card-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are in6063 Series Aluminium Extrusion Pipe in Hot Sell Made in ChinaandRebar Splicing of Reinforcement Bars Complying with Aci-318.

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High Quality Permanent Magnetic 6V 12V 24V RS555 Brush Electric DC Motorstates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Warehouse Heavy Duty Steel Racking Selective Pallet Rack System.

As shown inASTM 201 430 304 304L Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe/Tube Price with High Quality, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Cashew Grading Machine for Cashew Processing Line(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/CNC Machined Component Precision CNC Machined Kit-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

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2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Co-Nele Planetary Mixer]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Wholesaler Soft Hallux Valgus Bunion Corrector Brace in Stock]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:Eran B32 2019 Newest Portable Bluetooth Speaker for Outdoor&Indoor[Cheap Price Suitcase Mobile Phone Case Rubber Soft iPhone 6/7/8 Plus Xs Max Cell Phone Case]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Distribution Price Air Sleeping Bag/Inflatable Air Sofa/ Inflatable Lazy Bags For Sale]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Global Sunrise Solar Powered Flame LED Lantern Light 2018 New with Ni-MH Battery]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [Bamboo Spoon with Silicone Handle]

8. Leonas KK.Disposable PS Foam Food Container Foam Food Box Machine Mt105/120. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [LED Flasher Relay 7 Pin for Suzuki Drz400s/Sm Gsxr Gsx Signal Light Blinker]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Motorcycle Accessory Gear Shift Shaft for YAMAHA Fz16, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Ballscrew Bearing Mounts End Supports for Milling Machine]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Motorcycle Accessory Gear Shift Shaft for YAMAHA Fz16, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [Desktop & Wallmount Workstation Floorbase Single Monitor 10-24 Height Adjustment]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Online Hot Sale 5 Tier Silver Home Organizer Shelving' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:www.jssintering.com[Explosion Proof Lighting LED Explosion Proof Light Fittings for Oil Terminal and Refinery Ports Atex 60W]