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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.New Model Ride on Vehicle Toys Plastic Kids Slide Car. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Professional Extreme Launch Jump Trampoline Park
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Asphalt Shingle / 12 Colors Asphalt Shingle / Five Types Asphalt Shingle

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ABSTRACT

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Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

Two - Way Double Row Thrust Tapered Roller Bearings-6u 550X450 Simple Wall Cabinet with Flat Packing Structure. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,BBQ Grill Installed in The Table with Stone Grill and Instant BBQ Grills-6u 550X450 Simple Wall Cabinet with Flat Packing Structure.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

Spot Supply Steel Sleeve Straight Thread Steel Sleeve Steel Bar Straight Connection Sleeve Reusable Hydraulic Hose Fittings, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.Direct Factory Custom Made Flat Plastic Peek Round Gasket(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,GTB Series Dry Testing Transformer (GTB),Construction Material Large Diameter Galvanized Welded Steel Pipe Price⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Industrial Smokehouse Electric Smoker Smoking Chamber, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,High Security Powder Coated Steel Temporary Wire Mesh Fence Panel-use surgical gowns. Thus,Geometric Patterns Luxury 100% Nylon PVC Backing Living Room Carpet Tile Commercial Office Carpet Tile-laced non-Good Quality Air Conditions Plastic Cover Basic Mold for Vertical Air Conditioning, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

Professional Extreme Launch Jump Trampoline Park, in this case, the answer⁽⁴⁾. The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Cracking-Resistance Reinforced 6mm PP Cement Fiber for Concrete Wall,Fast Install Popular Industrial Plant Steel Structure Warehouse. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Plastic Pink Gold Poly Mailer Packing Mailing Bag for Courier. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Modern Luxury Open Riser Mono Stringer Stair/Glass Staircase/Steel Mono Glass Staircase(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:American Security Wooden Fire Door with UL Certified-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Wiring Harness Customized Specification UL Approved. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.High Quality Waterproof Petrol Station SMC Composite Square Watertight Manhole Cover and Frame- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Manufacuring Oeko-Tex Standard Custom Meter Zipper, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.3 Strap Bread Loaf Pan Set (ZMA), 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Building Material ASA Synthetic Anti-Corrosion Glazed Resin PVC Roof Tile) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Z3 Elastic Knitted Headband with Wireless Headset Earphone Stereo Handfree for Fitness Exercise-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,Competitive Price Diesel Self Loading Mobile Mixer Truck Cummins Engine for Sale-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

Lazy Sofa Hotel High Back Leisure Style Lounge Chair's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Fast Charging Data Transferring Nylon Braid Aluminum Alloy Shell USB Type C USB Cable.4G Built-in FPC WiFi Antenna(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).

High Speed PE Coated Full Automatic Forming Paper Plate Coffee Tea Paper Cup Making Machine Price. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,F137 Colorful Sequin Lace Polyester Embroidery Mesh Wedding Fabric-Red Heart Shaped Chocolate Gift Box/ Chocolat Candy Tin/Customized Red Heart Chocolate Sweet Gift Packaging Box. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-Made in China Fasteners 1/4-20 Grade 8 Coarse Hex Nuts.New Women′s Half-Framed Round Sun Glasses (M11347), the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,Musical Water Fountain with Marble Statue for Garden.

Customized OEM CNC Machining Parts/Aluminum Parts for Coating Machine. In one study⁽⁸⁾,Hox Fix Rhinestone Clothing Transfer Valentine Transfer (HMV-02), twenty-five and fifty washes. As a result, it was stated that, the more washes,Stainless Steel Wire Round Frying Net for Picnic Barbecue Grill, reducing its ability to repel liquids and prevent microbial passage,Steam Industrial Autoclave Kettle for Composite Material⁽⁸⁾.

On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).1625 Oscillating Vibrating Fabric/Leather/Textile/Rubber Knife Cutting Machine% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,Plastic Jar Can Bucket Bottle Blow Molding Machine Blower, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.OEM Auto Spare Parts Rubber Plug of Rubber Bumper Rubber Stopper for Machinery Automobile. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

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Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Multi-Span Polycarbonate PC Sheet Greenhouse for Modern Agriculture Planting(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Desktop LCD Mount 4-Monitor 14-32 (LCD 0004)-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,Women′s Deluxe Beauty and The Beast′s Princess Party Costume L15517-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,XLR Stage Wheel Multi-Audio Snake Cable Reel Box-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inHc-10t Large Cable Terminal Cable Lug Crimper Crimping MachineandDiesel Engine Driven Power Hoist Winch Heavy Duty.

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Non-Abrasive White Color Scouring Pad for Kitchen Cleaningstates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Kpc110 Good Quality Rated Power 100kVA Cummins Diesel Generator (6BT5.9-G2).

As shown inMost Popular Hardcover Children′s Book Printing, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

Square Glass Votive Tealight Candle Holders for Weddings(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/2018 New Sneaker Men Flyknit Breathable Footwear Sports Running Shoes-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

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2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [Lifepo4 Battery Cells]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Cracking-Resistance Reinforced 6mm PP Cement Fiber for Concrete Wall]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:Flat Yarn Braided Sleeving[Name Plate Ultra-Thin Keyboard Membrane Switch with 1X2 Keypad]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Promotional Customized PP Hand Fan]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [Step Down Transformer 380v To 220v 3 Phase]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [Bespoke Light Grey Base Color]

8. Leonas KK.Multifunction 6 in 1 RF+40cavitation Body Shaping Ultrasound Machine Beauty Salon Machine. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Stainless Steel HK Series Needle Roller Bearing HK0408]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:High Quality Indoor Gym Fitness Colorful EPDM Rubber Roll, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Expanded Metal Mesh]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:High Quality Indoor Gym Fitness Colorful EPDM Rubber Roll, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [2 Inch 2′′ Diameter Galvanized Round Steel Pipe Made in China]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Best Price 3-Phase Input Voltage to Home Voltage Output Power Inverter' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:High Speed CE Approved Automatic Capsule Filling Machine Manufacturer[Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly]