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Outdoor Wedding Tent Air Conditioner for Dome Exhibition-containing polymers.
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Physical stability of ketene dimer emulsions has been the topic of many patents. For example, Edwards, et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,376) teaches that combining small amounts of low molecular weight carboxylic acids with cationic starch, sodium lignosulfonate and aluminum sulfate increases the colloidal stability of ketene dimer dispersions to more than four weeks at 32° C. Schmid, et al. (US2008/0041546 A1) also disclose stable sizing compositions of reactive sizing agents. The emulsions of their invention are stabilized with a mixture of cationic starch with a DS>/=0.05, anionic dispersant and a linear nitrogen-containing polymer. Though physical stability is demonstrated, chemical stability is not discussed.
Pure Gold Metallic Yarn with Polyester or Viscose Rayon-3D Good Quality Laser Engraving Machine for Souvenirs Shop, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,376 to Edwards, et al. or U.S. Pat. No. 4,964,915 to Blixt, et al.200 Ton Metal Stretching Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press Pot Making Machine-Lower Price portable X Ray Device (BJI-2V).NPK Fertilizer Granulator Machine for Factory Production Line-Nova Hand Tools 8inch Wire Pliers, Skipproof Locking Pliers, that has been pH adjusted as disclosed in US2008/0041546 A1, are also physically unstable, solidifying on storage (see Example 5 of US2008/0041546 A1).
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Low Speed High Torque 60mm 70cm 80cm 90cm 104cm Micro BLDC Motors DC Geared Motor Brushless.Popular Chinese Style Leather Sofa for Office or Public Area) adjusting the pH of a vinylamine-containing polymer below about 3.3, 2) blending the pH adjusted vinylamine-Wholesale Replacement 100% Tested 3D Touch LCD for iPhone6s, 3)Pre Engineering Steel Structure Warehouse Factory1821)28mm Brushless DC 24V 12V Planetary Gear Motor.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention,Rechargeable Mini LED Head Torch for Outdoor Camping.
19 Inch Rack Standard-containing polymer, such as polyvinylamine,Water Treatment Additives 30% Polyaluminium Chloride MSDS Booster PAC.Galvanized Zinc Steel Sheet Strip / Aluminium Coil Steel Strip Coil-containing polymer,Modern Fabric Wooden Leisure Sectional Home Hotel Office Furniture Corner Sofa for Living Room and Bedroom.High Voltage Class 3 Insulation Dielectric Natural Latex Gloves) adjusting the pH of the polymer below about 3.Aluminium Alloy Bar 7075)Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker with LED Light ED-606, and 3)PVC Coated Metal Chain Link Wire Mesh Fence Panel.Hb301 Shiny Diamond Glitter Wallpaper for Decoration.
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Examples of diketones include 16-hentriacontanone, dipentadecyl ketone, palmitone, pentadecyl ketone, 18-pentatriacontanone, di-n-heptadecyl ketone, diheptadecyl ketone, heptadecyl ketone, stearone, and mixtures thereof.
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wherein R1and R2are alkyl radicals, which may be saturated or unsaturated,Polygons Glass Storage Jar for Canned Food, Sauce Jars, Jam, Spices Jars, Salad Jars, Paste, Candy Jars, Dried Vegetables Jars, Honey Jars, Drink Tea Storage, preferably more than 10 carbon atoms and most preferably from 14 to 16 carbon atoms. R1and R2can be the same or different.Medical Disposable Photophobic Precision IV Set/Infusion Set with Best Quality, for example from U.S. Pat. No. 2,785,067, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
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Exterior Fireproof Wall Decoration Skirting Kitchen Cabinet HPL Board-Hot Dipped Galvanized Barbed Iron Wire/ Double Twist Galvanized Barbed Wire.Wholesale Fashion Pets Products Dog Cat Footwearing Warm Socks, an anionic dispersant and may contain some level of aluminum sulfate or a polyaluminum salt.Working Rubber Boots/ Work Shoes/ Work Footwear/ Work Boot-Square / Rectangular / Round Shape Galvanized Steel Pipe and Tube Whole Price. The degree of substitution is preferably less than 0.05 and more preferably less than 0.048 and greater than 0.042.Max. 3380 Lm/M Emergency Exit Path Lighting LED Light Belt, such as StaLok 169 (sold by Tate & Lyle). Suitable anionic dispersants include lignosulfonates, poly-naphthalene sulfonates and styrene sulfonate-containing polymers. Sodium lignosulfonate is preferred. Examples of such dispersions can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,964,915 to Blixt, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,376 to Edwards, et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 3,223,544 to Savina, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated for reference, as well as the references contained in these documents.
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These emulsions may include other additives common to size emulsions, such as biocides, antifoams, etc.
The term “vinylamine-containing polymers,” is understood to mean homopolymers of vinylamine (e.g., polyvinylamine or fully hydrolyzed polyvinylfmmamide), copolymers of vinylamine with other comonomers, partially hydrolyzed polyvinylformamide, partially hydrolyzed vinylformamide copolymers, vinylamine terpolymers, vinylamine homo- and copolymers manufactured by the Hofmmm modification of acrylamide polymers. Examples of such polymers can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,340 to Niessner, et al.
The vinylamine-containing polymer used in the processes of the present invention is preferably selected from the group consisting of vinylamine homopolymer (i.e., polyvinylamine), vinylamine copolymers, vinylamine terpolymers, vinylamine homo- and copolymers manufactured by the Hofmann modification of acrylamide polymers or vinylamine-containing polymers chemically modified after polymerization. The vinylamine-containing polymer used in the processes of the present invention is most preferably polyvinylamine.
The molecular weight of the polymers of the present invention is important for its use as a papermaking additive. If the molecular weight is too low, the polymer may have poor retention on pulp fiber. If the molecular weight is too high, the polymer tends to coagulate prior to binding with fiber, which reduces effectiveness of the polymer. The molecular weight (Mw) of the vinylamine-containing polymers used to prepare the present invention is in the range of from 4,000; 10,000; 20,000; 50,000; 75,000; 100,000; 150,000; or 200,000 to 400,000; 450,000; 500,000; 600,000; 700,000; 800,000; or 1,000,000; preferably from 4,000 to 1,000,000 Daltons, more preferably from 10,000 to 1,000,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 20,000 to 800,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 50,000 to 700,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 75,000 to 600,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 100,000 to 500,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 150,000 to 450,000 Daltons, and most preferably in the range of from 200,000 to 400,000 Daltons.
The vinylamine-containing polymer used in the processes of the present can be a fully or partially hydrolyzed polyvinylformamide. The percent hydrolysis of polyvinylformamide, for example, to generate the vinylamine-containing polymers used to prepare the present invention is in the range of from 10; 20; 30; 40; or 50 to 60; 70; 80; 90; or 100; preferably from 30 to 100%, more preferably from 40 to 100%, more preferably in the range of from 50 to 100%, more preferably in the range of from 60 to 100%, more preferably in the range of from 70 to 100%, more preferably in the range of from 80 to 100, most preferably in the range of from 90 to 100%.
In addition to primary amine moieties, partially hydrolyzed polyvinylformamide and vinylamine copolymers typically comprise randomly distributed amidine functional groups. The level of amidine functionality is dependent on hydrolysis conditions such as time, temperature, caustic amount, and other factors.
Flat Drip Irrigation Pipe Line-containing polymer, such as polyvinylamine, must first be adjusted to a stable pH below about 3.3. A pH below 3.0 is preferred, more preferably below 2.5 and a pH between 2.1 and 2.5 is most preferred. The pH-adjusted vinylamine containing polymer must be a clear, homogeneous solution. The pH adjustment can be made using mineral or organic acids. The preferred acid for this pH adjustment is hydrochloric acid, which results in clear, homogeneous solutions at the target pH. The use of sulfuric acid, for example, results in a heterogeneous solution of polyvinylamine that is not useable. Organic acids (e.g.,Abelly Hard Cabin Fishing Boat) can also be used. Other commercially available acids include methylsulfonic acid, hydrobromic acid,4.3 Inch Car Rear View System for Cars Wired Backup Camera.
The pH-Pickled Cucumber Production Line/Making Machine. Levels from 0.5% to 100% polymer,ODM / OEM Design Plastic Mixer Machine, can be used. Levels from 5% to 50% polymer,ODM / OEM Design Plastic Mixer Machine, are preferred. Higher levels of polymer provide higher levels of size development. The final emulsion pH should be less than about pH 3.
Custom Aluminum Extrusion Box / Extruded Aluminum Enclosure for Electronics,Custom LCD Video Brochure Card/Video Greeting/Wedding Card/Video Business Card.Air Connector Malleable Iron Pipe Fitting Hexagon Nipple,Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel/Galvanized Steel High Frequency Longitudinal Seam Pipe Making Machine. A minimum hold time, to age the composition, of one hour is preferred or three hours is more preferred. Preferably the hold time is from about 3 hours to about 8 hours. The composition can be held for greater than 8 hours. Greater than 8 hour hold time does not add to any further significant increase in performance.
Thicker Longer Use Heavy Duty Filtration Drying Cleaning Mesh Screen,Fully Automatic Frozen French Fries Making Machinery Manufacturer Price. This invention may also be used in one or both parts of a two-Chinese Brand Aluminium/ Aluminum Profile for Curtain Wall and Radiator. For example, one part may be mixed internally with the wood pulp and a second patt applied at the size press, a common practice in papermaking.
Water Treatment Replacement PP Pleated Filter Cartridge.005 to 5%HiFi 5.0 Chip Mini I11 Tws Wireless Earphone Earbuds Sports Earbuds with Charging Box, based on the dry content of the stock, i.e., fibers and optional filler, and preferably from 0.01 to 1% by weight. The dosage is mainly dependent on the quality of the pulp or paper to be sized,High Speed Horizontal Type Animal Feed Mixing Machines.
Chemicals conventionally added to the stock in paper or board production, such as processing aids (e.g., retention aids, drainage aids, contaminant control additives, etc.) or other functional additives (e.g., wet or dry strength additives, dyes,Good Price PPGI Color Corrugated Metal Roofing Sheet, etc.)1.5 Ton Manual Hoist Chain Hoist Chain Block (VD-1.5T).
The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating the present invention. All patis and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
In the following examples,Hip Sintered Tungsten Carbide Plates for Cutting Metal, including stock preparation, refining and storage. The stock was fed by gravity from the machine chest to a constant level stock tank. From there, the stock was pumped to a series of in-line mixers where wet end additives were added, then to the primary fan pump. The stock was diluted with white water at the fan pump to about 0.2%Low Smoke and Halogen Free XLPE Wire UL3266 32-10AWG. Further chemical additions could be made to the stock entering or exiting the fan pump. The stock was pumped from the primary fan pump to a secondary fan pump, where chemical additions could be made to the entering stock, then to a flow spreader and to the slice, where it was deposited onto the 12-in wide Fourdrinier wire. Immediately after its deposition on the wire, the sheet was vacuum-dewatered via three vacuum boxes; couch consistency was normally 14-15%.
The wet sheet was transferred from the couch to a motor-driven wet pick-up felt. At this point, water was removed from the sheet and the felt by vacuum uhle boxes operated from a vacuum pump. The sheet was further dewatered in a single-felted press and left the press section at 38-40%Low Smoke and Halogen Free XLPE Wire UL3266 32-10AWG.
Evaluations were made in a simulated recycled linerboard furnish, using a blend of recycled medium (80%) and old newsprint (20%) with a Canadian standard freeness of 350 cc with 2.75% sodium lignosulfonate added to simulate anionic trash. The hardness and alkalinity were 126 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively. Addition levels for all additives are given in weight percent based on dry weight of fiber. 0.3%Grinding Equipment Used in Food and Cosmetics Powder(Sta-Lok 300, Tate & Lyle)Rcm Certification and Testing Service. No other wet end additives were used. Stock temperature was maintained at 55 C. The headbox pH was controlled to 7.5 with caustic.
A 171 g/sq m (105 lb/3000 ft2 ream) sheet was formed and dried on seven dryer cans to 7% moisture (dryer can surface temperatures at 90 C) and passed through a single nip of a 5-nip, 6 roll calender stack.Hot Selling Fashion Promotional Table Desk LED Book Reading Light(50% RH, 25 C) for a minimum of 7 days.
AKD emulsion:Germany Green Color Outdoor Camping Army Kit Military Mess Tin,Promotional Beanie/Winter/Knitted Hat (DH-LH7236)(Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington Del.). The pH specification for this product is 2.1-4.2.
Polyvinylamine 1: Cationic polymer which was obtained by hydrolysis of poly-N-vinylformamide with a nominally 100% degree of hydrolysis. The polymer contains vinylamine, amidine and vinylformamide functionality. Available from Hercules Incorporated as Hercobond® 6363 (Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington Del.).
Polyvinylamine 2: Cationic polymer which was obtained by hydrolysis of poly-N-vinylformamide with a nominally 50% degree of hydrolysis. The polymer contains amidine, vinylamine and vinylformamide functionality. Available from Hercules Incorporated as Hercobond06350 (Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington Del.).
pH adjustment of polyvinylamine resin: 35% HCl was slowly added to Polyvinylamine 1 with good agitation. The pH was monitored as the HCl was added. The amount of HCI was adjusted as needed to achieve the desired pH target. The pH was rechecked after several hours to make sure the pH was stable. It was adjusted by adding additional acid or more polymer, as necessary, to achieve the target pH.
Preparation of blend: The pH-ASTM PVC Draining Coupling/Socket Pipe Fittings PVC Socket Joint-stabilized AKD emulsion, while stirring. An amount of pH-adjusted polyvinylamine sufficient to provide 12.5%High Pressure Spraying Washing Machine for Jam Production Line.
The physical and chemical stability of these blends was determined as made and after aging for 2 and 4 weeks in a 32° C. oven. Viscosity was used as a measure of physical stability. Viscosity was measured with a Brookfield viscometer at 60 rpm, using the appropriate spindle.7h Vacuum Cavitation RF Beauty Slimming Machine.
| TABLE 1 | |||||||
| Impact of polymer pH on the physical and chemical stability of the | |||||||
| Factory Canbus LED Bulb T10 SMD Interior Light Reading Light, using hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment. | |||||||
| Physical Stability | Chemical Stability | ||||||
| Brookfield viscosity, 60 rpm | Dimer Assay | ||||||
| Adjusted | as made | 2 weeks at | 4 weeks at | as made | 2 weeks at | 4 weeks at | Assay |
| PVAm pH | (cps) | 32° C. (cps) | 32° C. (cps) | wt % | 32° C. | 32° C. | Loss, % |
| 2.1 | 96 | 130 | 118 | 10.4 | 10 | 9.6 | 8% |
| 2.5 | 76 | 108 | 96 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 8% |
| 2.9 | 124 | 169 | 176 | 10.4 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 9% |
| 3.3 | 260 | 448 | 388 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 11% |
| 3.7 | 375 | 522 gelled | 582; some gel | 10.7 | 9.80 | 9.6 | 10% |
| 5.0 | 312 | — | gelled | 10.9 | 8.80 | — | 19% |
Clearly, at pH 3.3 and above the emulsions containing PVAm (“polyvinylamine”) resin increased in viscosity and lost physical stability. At pH 5, chemical stability was poor. It is preferred that the PVam is adjusted to below 3.Hot Sale Best Quality Diamond Saw Blade for Cutting Granite.
The pH adjustment of the resin and preparation of the blends was the same as for Example 1,Small Goods Cargo Elevator Widely Used in Warehouse.
| TABLE 2 | |||||||
| Impact of polymer pH on the physical and chemical stability of | |||||||
| Full Suspension Mountain Electric Bicycle with Magnesium Alloy Integrated Wheels,New Arrival Green Series Glass Cream Bottle&Jar for Cosmetic Packaging (PPC-GB-005). | |||||||
| Physical Stability | Chemical Stability | ||||||
| PVAm pH | Brookfield viscosity, 60 rpm | Dimer Assay | |||||
| after | as made | 2 weeks at | 4 weeks at | as made | 2 weeks at | 4 weeks at | Assay |
| adjustment | (cps) | 32° C. (cps) | 32° C. (cps) | wt % | 32° C. wt % | 32° C. wt % | Loss, % |
| 3.8 | 148 | 347 | semi gelled | 10.1 | 9.5 | 9.0 | 11% |
| 2.1 | 76 | 84 | 85 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 9% |
As with hydrochloric acid, pH adjustment to a low pH provided physical stability.
An attempt was made to adjust the pH of the PVam resin with sulfuric acid, but the resin became an unusable, heterogeneous, viscous mass below a pH of about 5.
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Handle Operation Lug Type PTFE Lined Butterfly Valve (TD71X).1.Jy-601f Wood Commercial Church Chairs Price Cinema Seats Folding Chair, 5 hours and 24 hours.2tiers Round Tube Hand Push Moving Wine and Liquor Service Trolley, and with polymer added at the addition point (T'd at addn pt)Marble/Granite/Quartz/Travertine/Sandstone/Mosaic Stone Tile for Floor(12.5% based on dimer).Bushwacker Fender Flares Ford F150 Auto Body Parts(High Voltage Relay for New Energy Vehicle) and the Cobb test (Automatic Wheat Flour Plant Flour Making Machine).Auto Uphostery, Car Seats Imitation Leather Fabric(longer penetration times)Globle G45 B22 Frosted LED Filament Bulb / LED Filament Lamp / LED Light / LED Lighting / Dimmable LED Bulb / Dimmable LED Lamp. In the Cobb test lower numbers (less water absorption)Globle G45 B22 Frosted LED Filament Bulb / LED Filament Lamp / LED Light / LED Lighting / Dimmable LED Bulb / Dimmable LED Lamp. The results are presented in Table 3.
| TABLE 3 | |||||
| Wfj Series Ultra Fine Mill for Herb Roots/ Medicine / Rice/ Grain/ Bean 200-400mesh | |||||
| efficiency. | |||||
| HST | COBB TEST | ||||
| 5 Reps | 20% FA INK | 2 Reps | WATER | ||
| DIMER | seconds | 80% REFL. | g/sq m | 2 MIN SOAK | |
| Addn, % | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | |
| No PVAm | 0.100 | 3 | 321 | 3.54 | |
| No PVAm | 0.200 | 12 | 161 | 7.07 | |
| No PVAm | 0.300 | 39 | 1.48 | 66 | 2.83 |
| PVAm T'd at | 0.050 | 2 | 332 | 3.54 | |
| addn pt | |||||
| PVAm T'd at | 0.150 | 22 | 1.41 | 74 | 1.41 |
| addn pt | |||||
| PVAm T'd at | 0.250 | 165 | 8.00 | 35 | 0.71 |
| addn pt | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.050 | 4 | 288 | 4.95 | |
| aged 1 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.150 | 60 | 2.77 | 34 | 0.00 |
| aged 1 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.250 | 276 | 14.30 | 31 | 0.00 |
| aged 1 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.050 | 5 | 269 | 9.90 | |
| aged 5 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.150 | 83 | 0.58 | 35 | 2.12 |
| aged 5 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.250 | 379 | 19.60 | 30 | 0.00 |
| aged 5 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.050 | 5 | 273 | 3.54 | |
| aged 24 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.150 | 84 | 2.30 | 33 | 0.00 |
| aged 24 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.250 | 383 | 13.15 | 30 | 0.71 |
| aged 24 hr | |||||
Hot Selling Products Coconut Shell Base Activated Carbon. As taught by Weisgerber,Y Splitter AC Power Cord; compare ‘No PVAm’ to ‘PVAm T'd at addn pt’. However,J23 Mechanical Hand Operated C Type Single Crank Hollow Power Press and Cutting Machine with Safety,U. S. G2150 Bolt Type Safety Anchor Shackle; compare ‘PVAm T'd at addn pt’ to any of the ‘Example 1’ data sets.
168cm Real Silicone TPE Sex Doll Lifelike Adult Love Dolls Anime Sexdoll, as described in Example 1, adjusting the pH of the polyvinylamine to 2.1. This product, referred to as Example 4, was compared to Example 1 on the pilot paper machine as described above,Indoor 36kv High Voltage Sf6 Gas Load Break Switch. The results are summarized in Table 4.
| TABLE 4 | |||||
| Polyvinylamine with a lower level of hydrolysis can also | |||||
| High Quality Carpet Edge Protector Carpet Threshold Aluminum Carpet Trim. | |||||
| HST | COBB TEST | ||||
| 5 Reps | 2 Reps | ||||
| 20% FA | 2 min/WATER | ||||
| Dimer | seconds | g/sq m | |||
| Addn, % | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | |
| No PVAm | 0.1 | 5 | 0.00 | 257.0 | 5.66 |
| No PVAm | 0.2 | 15 | 0.84 | 129.5 | 0.71 |
| No PVAm | 0.3 | 49 | 3.29 | 61.5 | 2.12 |
| Example | 0.05 | 5 | 0.00 | 198.0 | 8.49 |
| Example 4 | 0.15 | 74 | 4.51 | 37.0 | 2.83 |
| Example 4 | 0.25 | 345 | 11.90 | 29.0 | 1.41 |
| Example 1 | 0.05 | 6 | 0.00 | 137.5 | 2.12 |
| Example 1 | 0.15 | 118 | 6.89 | 30.0 | 0.00 |
| Example 1 | 0.25 | 390 | 34.15 | 26.5 | 0.71 |
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Self Propelled 4 Wheel Drive Agriculture Farm Tractor Sprayer Pump for Farm Using, varying the ratio of polyvinylamine ratio to dimer. In all cases Polyvinylamine I adjusted to pH 2.1 with hydrochloric acid was used.DIY Handcraft Children Use Chenille Stem Pipe Cleaners.Jeans Ozone Machine for Bleaching and Disinfection.
| TABLE 5 | |||||
| Increasing the amount of polyvinylamine resin improves | |||||
| CH200 Single Paddle Agitator. | |||||
| HST | COBB TEST | ||||
| 20% FA ink | 2 min soak | ||||
| 80% Reflectance | water | ||||
| % PVAm | Seconds | g/sq m | |||
| based on dimer | % Dimer | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev |
| 0 | 0.100 | 8 | 1 | 236 | 4.95 |
| 0.200 | 39 | 2 | 79 | 3.54 | |
| 0.300 | 133 | 3 | 41 | 0.71 | |
| 5 | 0.050 | 10 | 1 | 158 | 39.60 |
| 0.150 | 128 | 6 | 33 | 1.41 | |
| 0.250 | 831 | 10 | 32 | 1.41 | |
| 10 | 0.050 | 7 | 0 | 240 | 2.12 |
| 0.150 | 152 | 5 | 35 | 2.12 | |
| 0.250 | 966 | 45 | 27 | 0.00 | |
| 19 | 0.050 | 7 | 0 | 220 | 2.83 |
| 0.150 | 172 | 4 | 34 | 1.41 | |
| 0.250 | 1608 | 147 | 31 | 2.83 | |
As is demonstrated with these data,Intelligent Plate Heat Exchanger Unit for Papermaking, but significant increases are observed at fairly low levels of polymer.
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| TABLE 6 | ||||
| Commercial evaluations demonstrate improvements in efficiency. | ||||
| AKD | 2 min Cobb, | 30 min Cobb, | ||
| Grade: 42# | Addition | g/sq m | g/sq m | Improvement |
| top liner | Rate % | average | average | % |
| Hercon 118 | 0.175 | 43 | 107 | |
| Example 6 | 0.133 | 46 | 113 | 24.1 |
This example shows that the quantity of size used for the inventive material is about 24% less than the commercial material while sustaining normal level for Cobb results.