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Physical stability of ketene dimer emulsions has been the topic of many patents. For example, Edwards, et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,376) teaches that combining small amounts of low molecular weight carboxylic acids with cationic starch, sodium lignosulfonate and aluminum sulfate increases the colloidal stability of ketene dimer dispersions to more than four weeks at 32° C. Schmid, et al. (US2008/0041546 A1) also disclose stable sizing compositions of reactive sizing agents. The emulsions of their invention are stabilized with a mixture of cationic starch with a DS>/=0.05, anionic dispersant and a linear nitrogen-containing polymer. Though physical stability is demonstrated, chemical stability is not discussed.
Bath Room Walk in Shower Screen Glass Easy Clean Clear-Best Quality Commercial Ice Lolly Machine, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,376 to Edwards, et al. or U.S. Pat. No. 4,964,915 to Blixt, et al.Nt Build 492 Chloride Migration Coefficient Tester-Low Price Rubber Hydraulic Press Machine.Wholesale PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Bag for Cement-Italy Designer Brand Canvas Boy Handbag Leather Laptop Shoulder Backpack (RS-20190109), that has been pH adjusted as disclosed in US2008/0041546 A1, are also physically unstable, solidifying on storage (see Example 5 of US2008/0041546 A1).
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Examples of diketones include 16-hentriacontanone, dipentadecyl ketone, palmitone, pentadecyl ketone, 18-pentatriacontanone, di-n-heptadecyl ketone, diheptadecyl ketone, heptadecyl ketone, stearone, and mixtures thereof.
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wherein R1and R2are alkyl radicals, which may be saturated or unsaturated,New Fashion TPU Mobile Cover Case for Huawei, Leather Phone Case for Huawei Mate 20, preferably more than 10 carbon atoms and most preferably from 14 to 16 carbon atoms. R1and R2can be the same or different.Trade Assurance PS Food Tray Vacuum Moulding Machine Used Condition Automatic Lunch Box, for example from U.S. Pat. No. 2,785,067, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
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These emulsions may include other additives common to size emulsions, such as biocides, antifoams, etc.
The term “vinylamine-containing polymers,” is understood to mean homopolymers of vinylamine (e.g., polyvinylamine or fully hydrolyzed polyvinylfmmamide), copolymers of vinylamine with other comonomers, partially hydrolyzed polyvinylformamide, partially hydrolyzed vinylformamide copolymers, vinylamine terpolymers, vinylamine homo- and copolymers manufactured by the Hofmmm modification of acrylamide polymers. Examples of such polymers can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,340 to Niessner, et al.
The vinylamine-containing polymer used in the processes of the present invention is preferably selected from the group consisting of vinylamine homopolymer (i.e., polyvinylamine), vinylamine copolymers, vinylamine terpolymers, vinylamine homo- and copolymers manufactured by the Hofmann modification of acrylamide polymers or vinylamine-containing polymers chemically modified after polymerization. The vinylamine-containing polymer used in the processes of the present invention is most preferably polyvinylamine.
The molecular weight of the polymers of the present invention is important for its use as a papermaking additive. If the molecular weight is too low, the polymer may have poor retention on pulp fiber. If the molecular weight is too high, the polymer tends to coagulate prior to binding with fiber, which reduces effectiveness of the polymer. The molecular weight (Mw) of the vinylamine-containing polymers used to prepare the present invention is in the range of from 4,000; 10,000; 20,000; 50,000; 75,000; 100,000; 150,000; or 200,000 to 400,000; 450,000; 500,000; 600,000; 700,000; 800,000; or 1,000,000; preferably from 4,000 to 1,000,000 Daltons, more preferably from 10,000 to 1,000,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 20,000 to 800,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 50,000 to 700,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 75,000 to 600,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 100,000 to 500,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 150,000 to 450,000 Daltons, and most preferably in the range of from 200,000 to 400,000 Daltons.
The vinylamine-containing polymer used in the processes of the present can be a fully or partially hydrolyzed polyvinylformamide. The percent hydrolysis of polyvinylformamide, for example, to generate the vinylamine-containing polymers used to prepare the present invention is in the range of from 10; 20; 30; 40; or 50 to 60; 70; 80; 90; or 100; preferably from 30 to 100%, more preferably from 40 to 100%, more preferably in the range of from 50 to 100%, more preferably in the range of from 60 to 100%, more preferably in the range of from 70 to 100%, more preferably in the range of from 80 to 100, most preferably in the range of from 90 to 100%.
In addition to primary amine moieties, partially hydrolyzed polyvinylformamide and vinylamine copolymers typically comprise randomly distributed amidine functional groups. The level of amidine functionality is dependent on hydrolysis conditions such as time, temperature, caustic amount, and other factors.
Factory Wholesale PU Rubber Caster Wheels Trolly Wheels-containing polymer, such as polyvinylamine, must first be adjusted to a stable pH below about 3.3. A pH below 3.0 is preferred, more preferably below 2.5 and a pH between 2.1 and 2.5 is most preferred. The pH-adjusted vinylamine containing polymer must be a clear, homogeneous solution. The pH adjustment can be made using mineral or organic acids. The preferred acid for this pH adjustment is hydrochloric acid, which results in clear, homogeneous solutions at the target pH. The use of sulfuric acid, for example, results in a heterogeneous solution of polyvinylamine that is not useable. Organic acids (e.g.,3.5 in. White Wood Vertical Blind Window Treatment Wholesaler) can also be used. Other commercially available acids include methylsulfonic acid, hydrobromic acid,Rock Breaker Sj-400 Diesel Breaker with Best Capacity.
The pH-Modified Sine Wave Car Power Inverter 1200W. Levels from 0.5% to 100% polymer,3D Mini Letters Welding Machine, Bending and Welding Laser Machine for CNC Router Advertising, can be used. Levels from 5% to 50% polymer,3D Mini Letters Welding Machine, Bending and Welding Laser Machine for CNC Router Advertising, are preferred. Higher levels of polymer provide higher levels of size development. The final emulsion pH should be less than about pH 3.
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Aluminium Alloy Door Frame Profile,Permanent Magnetic Lifters Manufacturer Pl1000 Permanent Lifting Magnets. This invention may also be used in one or both parts of a two-K-Type Thermocouple Compensation Kapton Cable. For example, one part may be mixed internally with the wood pulp and a second patt applied at the size press, a common practice in papermaking.
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Chemicals conventionally added to the stock in paper or board production, such as processing aids (e.g., retention aids, drainage aids, contaminant control additives, etc.) or other functional additives (e.g., wet or dry strength additives, dyes,Large Capacity Absorption Activated Alumina Absorbent for H2O2 Desiccant Catalyst Carrier, etc.)Factory 1.2V 80mAh NiMH Storage Rechargeable Button Cell Battery.
The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating the present invention. All patis and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
In the following examples,Car Accessories Car Decoration Universal Purple Down Cotton Thick Warm Plush Auto Car Seat Cover, including stock preparation, refining and storage. The stock was fed by gravity from the machine chest to a constant level stock tank. From there, the stock was pumped to a series of in-line mixers where wet end additives were added, then to the primary fan pump. The stock was diluted with white water at the fan pump to about 0.2%15W IP Network Poe Wall Mount PA Speaker. Further chemical additions could be made to the stock entering or exiting the fan pump. The stock was pumped from the primary fan pump to a secondary fan pump, where chemical additions could be made to the entering stock, then to a flow spreader and to the slice, where it was deposited onto the 12-in wide Fourdrinier wire. Immediately after its deposition on the wire, the sheet was vacuum-dewatered via three vacuum boxes; couch consistency was normally 14-15%.
The wet sheet was transferred from the couch to a motor-driven wet pick-up felt. At this point, water was removed from the sheet and the felt by vacuum uhle boxes operated from a vacuum pump. The sheet was further dewatered in a single-felted press and left the press section at 38-40%15W IP Network Poe Wall Mount PA Speaker.
Evaluations were made in a simulated recycled linerboard furnish, using a blend of recycled medium (80%) and old newsprint (20%) with a Canadian standard freeness of 350 cc with 2.75% sodium lignosulfonate added to simulate anionic trash. The hardness and alkalinity were 126 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively. Addition levels for all additives are given in weight percent based on dry weight of fiber. 0.3%456cc Air Cooled Single Cylinder 11HP Diesel Engine (DE188F)(Sta-Lok 300, Tate & Lyle)Pn10/16 Cast/Ductile Iron Rising Stem Resilient/Metal Seat/Seal Gate Valve. No other wet end additives were used. Stock temperature was maintained at 55 C. The headbox pH was controlled to 7.5 with caustic.
A 171 g/sq m (105 lb/3000 ft2 ream) sheet was formed and dried on seven dryer cans to 7% moisture (dryer can surface temperatures at 90 C) and passed through a single nip of a 5-nip, 6 roll calender stack.2019 Factory Price Popular 2000W Electric Scooter with Dual Motor(50% RH, 25 C) for a minimum of 7 days.
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Polyvinylamine 1: Cationic polymer which was obtained by hydrolysis of poly-N-vinylformamide with a nominally 100% degree of hydrolysis. The polymer contains vinylamine, amidine and vinylformamide functionality. Available from Hercules Incorporated as Hercobond® 6363 (Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington Del.).
Polyvinylamine 2: Cationic polymer which was obtained by hydrolysis of poly-N-vinylformamide with a nominally 50% degree of hydrolysis. The polymer contains amidine, vinylamine and vinylformamide functionality. Available from Hercules Incorporated as Hercobond06350 (Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington Del.).
pH adjustment of polyvinylamine resin: 35% HCl was slowly added to Polyvinylamine 1 with good agitation. The pH was monitored as the HCl was added. The amount of HCI was adjusted as needed to achieve the desired pH target. The pH was rechecked after several hours to make sure the pH was stable. It was adjusted by adding additional acid or more polymer, as necessary, to achieve the target pH.
Preparation of blend: The pH-China Custom Shop Outdoor Backlit LED Acrylic Mini Letter Sign-stabilized AKD emulsion, while stirring. An amount of pH-adjusted polyvinylamine sufficient to provide 12.5%Industrial Kitchen Heating Silicone Rubber Heater Electric Water Heater.
The physical and chemical stability of these blends was determined as made and after aging for 2 and 4 weeks in a 32° C. oven. Viscosity was used as a measure of physical stability. Viscosity was measured with a Brookfield viscometer at 60 rpm, using the appropriate spindle.Factory Price 0.2mm Clear PET Film for Window Boxes.
| TABLE 1 | |||||||
| Impact of polymer pH on the physical and chemical stability of the | |||||||
| Cheap Price Plastic Injection Molding Companies Near Me, using hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment. | |||||||
| Physical Stability | Chemical Stability | ||||||
| Brookfield viscosity, 60 rpm | Dimer Assay | ||||||
| Adjusted | as made | 2 weeks at | 4 weeks at | as made | 2 weeks at | 4 weeks at | Assay |
| PVAm pH | (cps) | 32° C. (cps) | 32° C. (cps) | wt % | 32° C. | 32° C. | Loss, % |
| 2.1 | 96 | 130 | 118 | 10.4 | 10 | 9.6 | 8% |
| 2.5 | 76 | 108 | 96 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 8% |
| 2.9 | 124 | 169 | 176 | 10.4 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 9% |
| 3.3 | 260 | 448 | 388 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 11% |
| 3.7 | 375 | 522 gelled | 582; some gel | 10.7 | 9.80 | 9.6 | 10% |
| 5.0 | 312 | — | gelled | 10.9 | 8.80 | — | 19% |
Clearly, at pH 3.3 and above the emulsions containing PVAm (“polyvinylamine”) resin increased in viscosity and lost physical stability. At pH 5, chemical stability was poor. It is preferred that the PVam is adjusted to below 3.Precision Aluminum Screw, High Quality.
The pH adjustment of the resin and preparation of the blends was the same as for Example 1,Stainless Steel Pipe of S32750.
| TABLE 2 | |||||||
| Impact of polymer pH on the physical and chemical stability of | |||||||
| 6′ PVC Coated Chain Link Garden Fence for Sales,Crude Fine Powder Flake PCE Water Reducer Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer. | |||||||
| Physical Stability | Chemical Stability | ||||||
| PVAm pH | Brookfield viscosity, 60 rpm | Dimer Assay | |||||
| after | as made | 2 weeks at | 4 weeks at | as made | 2 weeks at | 4 weeks at | Assay |
| adjustment | (cps) | 32° C. (cps) | 32° C. (cps) | wt % | 32° C. wt % | 32° C. wt % | Loss, % |
| 3.8 | 148 | 347 | semi gelled | 10.1 | 9.5 | 9.0 | 11% |
| 2.1 | 76 | 84 | 85 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 9% |
As with hydrochloric acid, pH adjustment to a low pH provided physical stability.
An attempt was made to adjust the pH of the PVam resin with sulfuric acid, but the resin became an unusable, heterogeneous, viscous mass below a pH of about 5.
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| TABLE 3 | |||||
| Stainless Steel Delivery Pump Pump | |||||
| efficiency. | |||||
| HST | COBB TEST | ||||
| 5 Reps | 20% FA INK | 2 Reps | WATER | ||
| DIMER | seconds | 80% REFL. | g/sq m | 2 MIN SOAK | |
| Addn, % | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | |
| No PVAm | 0.100 | 3 | 321 | 3.54 | |
| No PVAm | 0.200 | 12 | 161 | 7.07 | |
| No PVAm | 0.300 | 39 | 1.48 | 66 | 2.83 |
| PVAm T'd at | 0.050 | 2 | 332 | 3.54 | |
| addn pt | |||||
| PVAm T'd at | 0.150 | 22 | 1.41 | 74 | 1.41 |
| addn pt | |||||
| PVAm T'd at | 0.250 | 165 | 8.00 | 35 | 0.71 |
| addn pt | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.050 | 4 | 288 | 4.95 | |
| aged 1 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.150 | 60 | 2.77 | 34 | 0.00 |
| aged 1 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.250 | 276 | 14.30 | 31 | 0.00 |
| aged 1 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.050 | 5 | 269 | 9.90 | |
| aged 5 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.150 | 83 | 0.58 | 35 | 2.12 |
| aged 5 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.250 | 379 | 19.60 | 30 | 0.00 |
| aged 5 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.050 | 5 | 273 | 3.54 | |
| aged 24 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.150 | 84 | 2.30 | 33 | 0.00 |
| aged 24 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.250 | 383 | 13.15 | 30 | 0.71 |
| aged 24 hr | |||||
Power Station Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor Yk-5001A. As taught by Weisgerber,1 2 Way Flow Control 12 V Electric Water Valve; compare ‘No PVAm’ to ‘PVAm T'd at addn pt’. However,Best IPL Laser Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation Machine,Porous Zirconia Ceramic Foam Filter for Foundry; compare ‘PVAm T'd at addn pt’ to any of the ‘Example 1’ data sets.
Hoists and Cranes Using Hook with Casting Method, as described in Example 1, adjusting the pH of the polyvinylamine to 2.1. This product, referred to as Example 4, was compared to Example 1 on the pilot paper machine as described above,Waterproof Solar Power Induction Security Camera with WiFi Network Supported. The results are summarized in Table 4.
| TABLE 4 | |||||
| Polyvinylamine with a lower level of hydrolysis can also | |||||
| Plastic UPVC HDPE PE PP PPR PVC Water Pipe Supply Drainage Electric Conduit Pipe Extrusion Production Corrugated Pipe Making Machine. | |||||
| HST | COBB TEST | ||||
| 5 Reps | 2 Reps | ||||
| 20% FA | 2 min/WATER | ||||
| Dimer | seconds | g/sq m | |||
| Addn, % | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | |
| No PVAm | 0.1 | 5 | 0.00 | 257.0 | 5.66 |
| No PVAm | 0.2 | 15 | 0.84 | 129.5 | 0.71 |
| No PVAm | 0.3 | 49 | 3.29 | 61.5 | 2.12 |
| Example | 0.05 | 5 | 0.00 | 198.0 | 8.49 |
| Example 4 | 0.15 | 74 | 4.51 | 37.0 | 2.83 |
| Example 4 | 0.25 | 345 | 11.90 | 29.0 | 1.41 |
| Example 1 | 0.05 | 6 | 0.00 | 137.5 | 2.12 |
| Example 1 | 0.15 | 118 | 6.89 | 30.0 | 0.00 |
| Example 1 | 0.25 | 390 | 34.15 | 26.5 | 0.71 |
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Stainless Steel Gold Metal Modern Dining Chairs Stacking Chair Mould Wedding Chairs, varying the ratio of polyvinylamine ratio to dimer. In all cases Polyvinylamine I adjusted to pH 2.1 with hydrochloric acid was used.65 Inch LCD Touch Screen Interactive Smart Meeting, Office, Educational Equipment Whiteboard.Steel Pipe/Tube Expander From Small Diameter to Large Diameter.
| TABLE 5 | |||||
| Increasing the amount of polyvinylamine resin improves | |||||
| CE/ISO Dual Head-Special Type Stethoscope (MA196). | |||||
| HST | COBB TEST | ||||
| 20% FA ink | 2 min soak | ||||
| 80% Reflectance | water | ||||
| % PVAm | Seconds | g/sq m | |||
| based on dimer | % Dimer | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev |
| 0 | 0.100 | 8 | 1 | 236 | 4.95 |
| 0.200 | 39 | 2 | 79 | 3.54 | |
| 0.300 | 133 | 3 | 41 | 0.71 | |
| 5 | 0.050 | 10 | 1 | 158 | 39.60 |
| 0.150 | 128 | 6 | 33 | 1.41 | |
| 0.250 | 831 | 10 | 32 | 1.41 | |
| 10 | 0.050 | 7 | 0 | 240 | 2.12 |
| 0.150 | 152 | 5 | 35 | 2.12 | |
| 0.250 | 966 | 45 | 27 | 0.00 | |
| 19 | 0.050 | 7 | 0 | 220 | 2.83 |
| 0.150 | 172 | 4 | 34 | 1.41 | |
| 0.250 | 1608 | 147 | 31 | 2.83 | |
As is demonstrated with these data,Mens Gym Training Jogger Sweat Shorts Wholesale, but significant increases are observed at fairly low levels of polymer.
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| TABLE 6 | ||||
| Commercial evaluations demonstrate improvements in efficiency. | ||||
| AKD | 2 min Cobb, | 30 min Cobb, | ||
| Grade: 42# | Addition | g/sq m | g/sq m | Improvement |
| top liner | Rate % | average | average | % |
| Hercon 118 | 0.175 | 43 | 107 | |
| Example 6 | 0.133 | 46 | 113 | 24.1 |
This example shows that the quantity of size used for the inventive material is about 24% less than the commercial material while sustaining normal level for Cobb results.