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Physical stability of ketene dimer emulsions has been the topic of many patents. For example, Edwards, et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,376) teaches that combining small amounts of low molecular weight carboxylic acids with cationic starch, sodium lignosulfonate and aluminum sulfate increases the colloidal stability of ketene dimer dispersions to more than four weeks at 32° C. Schmid, et al. (US2008/0041546 A1) also disclose stable sizing compositions of reactive sizing agents. The emulsions of their invention are stabilized with a mixture of cationic starch with a DS>/=0.05, anionic dispersant and a linear nitrogen-containing polymer. Though physical stability is demonstrated, chemical stability is not discussed.
Low Price Rubber Hydraulic Press Machine-Wholesale PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Bag for Cement, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,376 to Edwards, et al. or U.S. Pat. No. 4,964,915 to Blixt, et al.Italy Designer Brand Canvas Boy Handbag Leather Laptop Shoulder Backpack (RS-20190109)-Drywall Partion Light Steel Keel Stud.Poplur Foldable Cheap Green Waterproof Foam Hospital Bed Mattress-Aluminium Hot Rolled Extrusion Sheet /Plate, that has been pH adjusted as disclosed in US2008/0041546 A1, are also physically unstable, solidifying on storage (see Example 5 of US2008/0041546 A1).
(YF-SC035) Kitchen Cleaning Nylon Scouring Pad, such as polyvinylamine, that are both physically and chemically stable by simple post-Empty Round Milk Glass Bottles 250ml 310ml 500ml 1000ml with Press Cap and Tin Lid. Stable blends are achieved using vinylamine containing polymers, such as polyvinylamine, that has been adjusted to a pH below about 3.3.Wholesale Pink Co-Extruded Poly Mailer Express Mailing Bag.
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In a preferred embodiment of the invention,98.184.1041/61.184.1041/M2.184.1051/M2.184.1171 Air Valve Pm52/Cx52/Sx102/Sm74/Sm52 Pneumatic 4-2 Way Valve.
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Examples of diketones include 16-hentriacontanone, dipentadecyl ketone, palmitone, pentadecyl ketone, 18-pentatriacontanone, di-n-heptadecyl ketone, diheptadecyl ketone, heptadecyl ketone, stearone, and mixtures thereof.
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wherein R1and R2are alkyl radicals, which may be saturated or unsaturated,High Precision Hydraulic Rotary Couplings Rotating Joint Union, preferably more than 10 carbon atoms and most preferably from 14 to 16 carbon atoms. R1and R2can be the same or different.Upset Forging Parallel Thread Connecting Machine, for example from U.S. Pat. No. 2,785,067, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
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3005 3003 Aluminium Coil for Refrigerator: 4-heptadecylidene-3-hexadecyl-2-0xetanone; 2-hexadecyl-3-hydroxy-3-Eicosenoic acid, β-lactone (6CI);Single System Fully Fashion Flat Knitting Machine;IPL Hair Removal Skin Care E-Light RF Laser Beauty Instrument;PDT+LED Phototherapy System Wrinkle Removal Skin Care by Beauty Equipment; 4-heptadecylidene-3-tetradecyl-2-oxetanone;3-hexadecyl-4-pentadecylidene-2-oxetanone;4-pentadecylidene-3-tetradecyl-2-oxetanone;2019 Hot Sale Light Casual Handmade Knit Sock Kid Shoes;Commercial HVAC Aroma Air Scent Fragrance Essential Oil Diffuser; 4-(15-methylhexadecylidene)-3-(14-methylpentadecyl)-2-oxetanone;Custom Printed White Acrylic Signboard (thickness: 3mm/5mm/8mm/10mm/15mm); 4-(8Z)-8-heptadecen-1-ylidene-3-(7Z)-7-hexadecen-1-yl-2-0xetanone; 4-(8-heptadecenylidene)-3-(7-hexadecenyl)-2-0xetanone; 4-(8Z)-8-heptadecenylidene-3-(7Z)-7-hexadecenyl-2-0xetanone (9CI);CNC slant bed lathe ckx6830 (SCK6040)lathe CNC; and mixtures thereof.
CAS 317318-70-0 Gw501516 Use for Weight Loss-Xizi Vvvf Control Passenger Elevator with Machine Room.DY Adjustable Free Stop Kitchen Cabinet Hydraulic Gas Spring Furniture hardware Gas Struts Gas Lift, an anionic dispersant and may contain some level of aluminum sulfate or a polyaluminum salt.High Quality Veterinary Livestock Bull Ring-Mars Solar 30kw Solar Power System on Grid Tied Micro Sine Wave Inverter. The degree of substitution is preferably less than 0.05 and more preferably less than 0.048 and greater than 0.042.HDPE Pipe for Water Supply (OD: 16mm-800mm), such as StaLok 169 (sold by Tate & Lyle). Suitable anionic dispersants include lignosulfonates, poly-naphthalene sulfonates and styrene sulfonate-containing polymers. Sodium lignosulfonate is preferred. Examples of such dispersions can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,964,915 to Blixt, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,376 to Edwards, et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 3,223,544 to Savina, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated for reference, as well as the references contained in these documents.
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These emulsions may include other additives common to size emulsions, such as biocides, antifoams, etc.
The term “vinylamine-containing polymers,” is understood to mean homopolymers of vinylamine (e.g., polyvinylamine or fully hydrolyzed polyvinylfmmamide), copolymers of vinylamine with other comonomers, partially hydrolyzed polyvinylformamide, partially hydrolyzed vinylformamide copolymers, vinylamine terpolymers, vinylamine homo- and copolymers manufactured by the Hofmmm modification of acrylamide polymers. Examples of such polymers can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,340 to Niessner, et al.
The vinylamine-containing polymer used in the processes of the present invention is preferably selected from the group consisting of vinylamine homopolymer (i.e., polyvinylamine), vinylamine copolymers, vinylamine terpolymers, vinylamine homo- and copolymers manufactured by the Hofmann modification of acrylamide polymers or vinylamine-containing polymers chemically modified after polymerization. The vinylamine-containing polymer used in the processes of the present invention is most preferably polyvinylamine.
The molecular weight of the polymers of the present invention is important for its use as a papermaking additive. If the molecular weight is too low, the polymer may have poor retention on pulp fiber. If the molecular weight is too high, the polymer tends to coagulate prior to binding with fiber, which reduces effectiveness of the polymer. The molecular weight (Mw) of the vinylamine-containing polymers used to prepare the present invention is in the range of from 4,000; 10,000; 20,000; 50,000; 75,000; 100,000; 150,000; or 200,000 to 400,000; 450,000; 500,000; 600,000; 700,000; 800,000; or 1,000,000; preferably from 4,000 to 1,000,000 Daltons, more preferably from 10,000 to 1,000,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 20,000 to 800,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 50,000 to 700,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 75,000 to 600,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 100,000 to 500,000 Daltons, more preferably in the range of from 150,000 to 450,000 Daltons, and most preferably in the range of from 200,000 to 400,000 Daltons.
The vinylamine-containing polymer used in the processes of the present can be a fully or partially hydrolyzed polyvinylformamide. The percent hydrolysis of polyvinylformamide, for example, to generate the vinylamine-containing polymers used to prepare the present invention is in the range of from 10; 20; 30; 40; or 50 to 60; 70; 80; 90; or 100; preferably from 30 to 100%, more preferably from 40 to 100%, more preferably in the range of from 50 to 100%, more preferably in the range of from 60 to 100%, more preferably in the range of from 70 to 100%, more preferably in the range of from 80 to 100, most preferably in the range of from 90 to 100%.
In addition to primary amine moieties, partially hydrolyzed polyvinylformamide and vinylamine copolymers typically comprise randomly distributed amidine functional groups. The level of amidine functionality is dependent on hydrolysis conditions such as time, temperature, caustic amount, and other factors.
Modified Sine Wave Car Power Inverter 1200W-containing polymer, such as polyvinylamine, must first be adjusted to a stable pH below about 3.3. A pH below 3.0 is preferred, more preferably below 2.5 and a pH between 2.1 and 2.5 is most preferred. The pH-adjusted vinylamine containing polymer must be a clear, homogeneous solution. The pH adjustment can be made using mineral or organic acids. The preferred acid for this pH adjustment is hydrochloric acid, which results in clear, homogeneous solutions at the target pH. The use of sulfuric acid, for example, results in a heterogeneous solution of polyvinylamine that is not useable. Organic acids (e.g.,3D Mini Letters Welding Machine, Bending and Welding Laser Machine for CNC Router Advertising) can also be used. Other commercially available acids include methylsulfonic acid, hydrobromic acid,Outdoor Sports Safety Shoes Climbing and Hiking Safety Shoes Sc-2504.
The pH-Customized Design Metal Nut Connection Accessories Hex Allen Screw. Levels from 0.5% to 100% polymer,Stainless Steel Sanitary Union Type Butterfly Valve (100128), can be used. Levels from 5% to 50% polymer,Stainless Steel Sanitary Union Type Butterfly Valve (100128), are preferred. Higher levels of polymer provide higher levels of size development. The final emulsion pH should be less than about pH 3.
Custom Logo Embossed Gift Ribbon Printed for Packaging,Aluminium Alloy Door Frame Profile.Permanent Magnetic Lifters Manufacturer Pl1000 Permanent Lifting Magnets,K-Type Thermocouple Compensation Kapton Cable. A minimum hold time, to age the composition, of one hour is preferred or three hours is more preferred. Preferably the hold time is from about 3 hours to about 8 hours. The composition can be held for greater than 8 hours. Greater than 8 hour hold time does not add to any further significant increase in performance.
Best Price 10W All in One Solar LED Street Light,Quality Warranty Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine. This invention may also be used in one or both parts of a two-New Design Exaggerated Cute Gem Cotton Tassel Brand Earrings. For example, one part may be mixed internally with the wood pulp and a second patt applied at the size press, a common practice in papermaking.
Large Capacity Absorption Activated Alumina Absorbent for H2O2 Desiccant Catalyst Carrier.005 to 5%Factory 1.2V 80mAh NiMH Storage Rechargeable Button Cell Battery, based on the dry content of the stock, i.e., fibers and optional filler, and preferably from 0.01 to 1% by weight. The dosage is mainly dependent on the quality of the pulp or paper to be sized,Car Accessories Car Decoration Universal Purple Down Cotton Thick Warm Plush Auto Car Seat Cover.
Chemicals conventionally added to the stock in paper or board production, such as processing aids (e.g., retention aids, drainage aids, contaminant control additives, etc.) or other functional additives (e.g., wet or dry strength additives, dyes,15W IP Network Poe Wall Mount PA Speaker, etc.)456cc Air Cooled Single Cylinder 11HP Diesel Engine (DE188F).
The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating the present invention. All patis and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
In the following examples,Pn10/16 Cast/Ductile Iron Rising Stem Resilient/Metal Seat/Seal Gate Valve, including stock preparation, refining and storage. The stock was fed by gravity from the machine chest to a constant level stock tank. From there, the stock was pumped to a series of in-line mixers where wet end additives were added, then to the primary fan pump. The stock was diluted with white water at the fan pump to about 0.2%2019 Factory Price Popular 2000W Electric Scooter with Dual Motor. Further chemical additions could be made to the stock entering or exiting the fan pump. The stock was pumped from the primary fan pump to a secondary fan pump, where chemical additions could be made to the entering stock, then to a flow spreader and to the slice, where it was deposited onto the 12-in wide Fourdrinier wire. Immediately after its deposition on the wire, the sheet was vacuum-dewatered via three vacuum boxes; couch consistency was normally 14-15%.
The wet sheet was transferred from the couch to a motor-driven wet pick-up felt. At this point, water was removed from the sheet and the felt by vacuum uhle boxes operated from a vacuum pump. The sheet was further dewatered in a single-felted press and left the press section at 38-40%2019 Factory Price Popular 2000W Electric Scooter with Dual Motor.
Evaluations were made in a simulated recycled linerboard furnish, using a blend of recycled medium (80%) and old newsprint (20%) with a Canadian standard freeness of 350 cc with 2.75% sodium lignosulfonate added to simulate anionic trash. The hardness and alkalinity were 126 ppm and 200 ppm, respectively. Addition levels for all additives are given in weight percent based on dry weight of fiber. 0.3%13.4L Helium Cylinder for 30PCS of 9′′ Latex Gas Balloon(Sta-Lok 300, Tate & Lyle)Pre Creasing Electric Corrugated Thin Blade Cutter Machine. No other wet end additives were used. Stock temperature was maintained at 55 C. The headbox pH was controlled to 7.5 with caustic.
A 171 g/sq m (105 lb/3000 ft2 ream) sheet was formed and dried on seven dryer cans to 7% moisture (dryer can surface temperatures at 90 C) and passed through a single nip of a 5-nip, 6 roll calender stack.China Custom Shop Outdoor Backlit LED Acrylic Mini Letter Sign(50% RH, 25 C) for a minimum of 7 days.
AKD emulsion:Industrial Kitchen Heating Silicone Rubber Heater Electric Water Heater,Factory Price 0.2mm Clear PET Film for Window Boxes(Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington Del.). The pH specification for this product is 2.1-4.2.
Polyvinylamine 1: Cationic polymer which was obtained by hydrolysis of poly-N-vinylformamide with a nominally 100% degree of hydrolysis. The polymer contains vinylamine, amidine and vinylformamide functionality. Available from Hercules Incorporated as Hercobond® 6363 (Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington Del.).
Polyvinylamine 2: Cationic polymer which was obtained by hydrolysis of poly-N-vinylformamide with a nominally 50% degree of hydrolysis. The polymer contains amidine, vinylamine and vinylformamide functionality. Available from Hercules Incorporated as Hercobond06350 (Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington Del.).
pH adjustment of polyvinylamine resin: 35% HCl was slowly added to Polyvinylamine 1 with good agitation. The pH was monitored as the HCl was added. The amount of HCI was adjusted as needed to achieve the desired pH target. The pH was rechecked after several hours to make sure the pH was stable. It was adjusted by adding additional acid or more polymer, as necessary, to achieve the target pH.
Preparation of blend: The pH-Cheap Price Plastic Injection Molding Companies Near Me-stabilized AKD emulsion, while stirring. An amount of pH-adjusted polyvinylamine sufficient to provide 12.5%Precision Aluminum Screw, High Quality.
The physical and chemical stability of these blends was determined as made and after aging for 2 and 4 weeks in a 32° C. oven. Viscosity was used as a measure of physical stability. Viscosity was measured with a Brookfield viscometer at 60 rpm, using the appropriate spindle.Stainless Steel Pipe of S32750.
| TABLE 1 | |||||||
| Impact of polymer pH on the physical and chemical stability of the | |||||||
| 6′ PVC Coated Chain Link Garden Fence for Sales, using hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment. | |||||||
| Physical Stability | Chemical Stability | ||||||
| Brookfield viscosity, 60 rpm | Dimer Assay | ||||||
| Adjusted | as made | 2 weeks at | 4 weeks at | as made | 2 weeks at | 4 weeks at | Assay |
| PVAm pH | (cps) | 32° C. (cps) | 32° C. (cps) | wt % | 32° C. | 32° C. | Loss, % |
| 2.1 | 96 | 130 | 118 | 10.4 | 10 | 9.6 | 8% |
| 2.5 | 76 | 108 | 96 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 8% |
| 2.9 | 124 | 169 | 176 | 10.4 | 10.0 | 9.5 | 9% |
| 3.3 | 260 | 448 | 388 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 9.4 | 11% |
| 3.7 | 375 | 522 gelled | 582; some gel | 10.7 | 9.80 | 9.6 | 10% |
| 5.0 | 312 | — | gelled | 10.9 | 8.80 | — | 19% |
Clearly, at pH 3.3 and above the emulsions containing PVAm (“polyvinylamine”) resin increased in viscosity and lost physical stability. At pH 5, chemical stability was poor. It is preferred that the PVam is adjusted to below 3.Crude Fine Powder Flake PCE Water Reducer Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer.
The pH adjustment of the resin and preparation of the blends was the same as for Example 1,LED Explosion Proof Emergency Exit Light.
| TABLE 2 | |||||||
| Impact of polymer pH on the physical and chemical stability of | |||||||
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| Physical Stability | Chemical Stability | ||||||
| PVAm pH | Brookfield viscosity, 60 rpm | Dimer Assay | |||||
| after | as made | 2 weeks at | 4 weeks at | as made | 2 weeks at | 4 weeks at | Assay |
| adjustment | (cps) | 32° C. (cps) | 32° C. (cps) | wt % | 32° C. wt % | 32° C. wt % | Loss, % |
| 3.8 | 148 | 347 | semi gelled | 10.1 | 9.5 | 9.0 | 11% |
| 2.1 | 76 | 84 | 85 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 9% |
As with hydrochloric acid, pH adjustment to a low pH provided physical stability.
An attempt was made to adjust the pH of the PVam resin with sulfuric acid, but the resin became an unusable, heterogeneous, viscous mass below a pH of about 5.
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RCA Jack, for RCA Cable, for AV/TV BNC Cable 3.5mm/3.5 Mono Plug to 2xrca Plugs.1.Perforated Aluminium Sheet for Curtain Wall Cladding and Decoration, 5 hours and 24 hours.Plastic Injection Molding, Plastic Part Manufacturer, Mold Plastic Part, and with polymer added at the addition point (T'd at addn pt)Quick Install Ohsas 18001 Certification 60X100 Metal Building(12.5% based on dimer).Medical Waste Treatment with Microwave Disinfection Equipment Hospital Waste Sterilizer 3(Operating Theatre Hermetic Seal Manual Single-Leave Door) and the Cobb test (Stainless Steel Delivery Pump Pump).Power Station Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor Yk-5001A(longer penetration times)1 2 Way Flow Control 12 V Electric Water Valve. In the Cobb test lower numbers (less water absorption)1 2 Way Flow Control 12 V Electric Water Valve. The results are presented in Table 3.
| TABLE 3 | |||||
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| efficiency. | |||||
| HST | COBB TEST | ||||
| 5 Reps | 20% FA INK | 2 Reps | WATER | ||
| DIMER | seconds | 80% REFL. | g/sq m | 2 MIN SOAK | |
| Addn, % | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | |
| No PVAm | 0.100 | 3 | 321 | 3.54 | |
| No PVAm | 0.200 | 12 | 161 | 7.07 | |
| No PVAm | 0.300 | 39 | 1.48 | 66 | 2.83 |
| PVAm T'd at | 0.050 | 2 | 332 | 3.54 | |
| addn pt | |||||
| PVAm T'd at | 0.150 | 22 | 1.41 | 74 | 1.41 |
| addn pt | |||||
| PVAm T'd at | 0.250 | 165 | 8.00 | 35 | 0.71 |
| addn pt | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.050 | 4 | 288 | 4.95 | |
| aged 1 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.150 | 60 | 2.77 | 34 | 0.00 |
| aged 1 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.250 | 276 | 14.30 | 31 | 0.00 |
| aged 1 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.050 | 5 | 269 | 9.90 | |
| aged 5 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.150 | 83 | 0.58 | 35 | 2.12 |
| aged 5 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.250 | 379 | 19.60 | 30 | 0.00 |
| aged 5 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.050 | 5 | 273 | 3.54 | |
| aged 24 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.150 | 84 | 2.30 | 33 | 0.00 |
| aged 24 hr | |||||
| Example 1: | 0.250 | 383 | 13.15 | 30 | 0.71 |
| aged 24 hr | |||||
Porous Zirconia Ceramic Foam Filter for Foundry. As taught by Weisgerber,Hoists and Cranes Using Hook with Casting Method; compare ‘No PVAm’ to ‘PVAm T'd at addn pt’. However,Waterproof Solar Power Induction Security Camera with WiFi Network Supported,Plastic UPVC HDPE PE PP PPR PVC Water Pipe Supply Drainage Electric Conduit Pipe Extrusion Production Corrugated Pipe Making Machine; compare ‘PVAm T'd at addn pt’ to any of the ‘Example 1’ data sets.
Eco Friendly Reusable Stainless Steel Drinking Straw with Silicone Tips, as described in Example 1, adjusting the pH of the polyvinylamine to 2.1. This product, referred to as Example 4, was compared to Example 1 on the pilot paper machine as described above,Aluminum Dental Saliva Ejector Suction Universal Valves Se/Hve Tip Adaptor Salivary. The results are summarized in Table 4.
| TABLE 4 | |||||
| Polyvinylamine with a lower level of hydrolysis can also | |||||
| Heat Transfer Silicone Roller for Thermal Transfer. | |||||
| HST | COBB TEST | ||||
| 5 Reps | 2 Reps | ||||
| 20% FA | 2 min/WATER | ||||
| Dimer | seconds | g/sq m | |||
| Addn, % | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev | |
| No PVAm | 0.1 | 5 | 0.00 | 257.0 | 5.66 |
| No PVAm | 0.2 | 15 | 0.84 | 129.5 | 0.71 |
| No PVAm | 0.3 | 49 | 3.29 | 61.5 | 2.12 |
| Example | 0.05 | 5 | 0.00 | 198.0 | 8.49 |
| Example 4 | 0.15 | 74 | 4.51 | 37.0 | 2.83 |
| Example 4 | 0.25 | 345 | 11.90 | 29.0 | 1.41 |
| Example 1 | 0.05 | 6 | 0.00 | 137.5 | 2.12 |
| Example 1 | 0.15 | 118 | 6.89 | 30.0 | 0.00 |
| Example 1 | 0.25 | 390 | 34.15 | 26.5 | 0.71 |
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CE/ISO Dual Head-Special Type Stethoscope (MA196), varying the ratio of polyvinylamine ratio to dimer. In all cases Polyvinylamine I adjusted to pH 2.1 with hydrochloric acid was used.Mens Gym Training Jogger Sweat Shorts Wholesale.Manufacturer Screw Fastener Cross Flat Head Self Tapping Screws.
| TABLE 5 | |||||
| Increasing the amount of polyvinylamine resin improves | |||||
| 20-35HP Hydraulic Stump Grinder on Sale. | |||||
| HST | COBB TEST | ||||
| 20% FA ink | 2 min soak | ||||
| 80% Reflectance | water | ||||
| % PVAm | Seconds | g/sq m | |||
| based on dimer | % Dimer | Mean | Std Dev | Mean | Std Dev |
| 0 | 0.100 | 8 | 1 | 236 | 4.95 |
| 0.200 | 39 | 2 | 79 | 3.54 | |
| 0.300 | 133 | 3 | 41 | 0.71 | |
| 5 | 0.050 | 10 | 1 | 158 | 39.60 |
| 0.150 | 128 | 6 | 33 | 1.41 | |
| 0.250 | 831 | 10 | 32 | 1.41 | |
| 10 | 0.050 | 7 | 0 | 240 | 2.12 |
| 0.150 | 152 | 5 | 35 | 2.12 | |
| 0.250 | 966 | 45 | 27 | 0.00 | |
| 19 | 0.050 | 7 | 0 | 220 | 2.83 |
| 0.150 | 172 | 4 | 34 | 1.41 | |
| 0.250 | 1608 | 147 | 31 | 2.83 | |
As is demonstrated with these data,Satin Fabric Woven for Curtain Fabric, but significant increases are observed at fairly low levels of polymer.
Fine Cuttable PU Flex Vinyl/ Film for Polyester Blend Fabrics.1.Sublimation Custom Print Cotton Linen Insulation Mat Pad Pot Holder.Industrial Type Water Chiller for Beverage Filling,Factory 2PC Flange Pn16 Ball Valve(Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington Del.).300 Ton Four Column Hot Hydraulic Press for Glass Fiber. The results are presented in Table 6.Automobile Mold Guiding Components Auto Mold Gaskets, Automotive Hardware Gaskets, Customized Hardware Gaskets% lower than the incumbent product.
| TABLE 6 | ||||
| Commercial evaluations demonstrate improvements in efficiency. | ||||
| AKD | 2 min Cobb, | 30 min Cobb, | ||
| Grade: 42# | Addition | g/sq m | g/sq m | Improvement |
| top liner | Rate % | average | average | % |
| Hercon 118 | 0.175 | 43 | 107 | |
| Example 6 | 0.133 | 46 | 113 | 24.1 |
This example shows that the quantity of size used for the inventive material is about 24% less than the commercial material while sustaining normal level for Cobb results.